中国共产党农村土地政策的历史变迁及展望

The historical changes and prospects of the Party's rural land policy

我国农村土地政策的变迁围绕着以"所有权和经营权"为核心的产权制度展开,建党90年来的农村土地政策变迁相应经历了土地私人所有,农民自主经营;土地集体所有,集体统一经营;土地集体所有,农户承包经营三个阶段。当现行家庭承包制的制度效应逐渐释放完毕,新的弊端就暴露出来,全国上下对家庭承包制潜力的质疑和对土地政策彻底改进的讨论由此展开,主要有土地国有永佃制、土地私有制、坚持和完善土地集体所有制三种观点。土地政策变迁的实践经验告诉我们,有限的农村土地资源只有与社会生产力水平相适应的土地政策相结合才能实现效益的最大化。未来的农地政策改革应围绕明晰农村土地集体所有权、建立农村土地流转市场、发展现代农业展开。

The evolution of rural land policy centers on ownership and operation property system. Correspondingly, the rural land policy has experienced three stages since CCP was established. The stages are farmers＇ independent production with indivisual ownership of land, the collective management with collective land ownership and farmers contract management with collective ownership of land. When the positive effect of the current household contract system is fully embodied, the disadvantages are exposed. The problems discussed in this paper are on the potential of the household contract system and a radical improvement of land policy. The three views mainly are permanent tenancy of land, private land ownership and adherently collective land ownership. The practice in land policy changes tells us that only by combining the limited land resources in rural areas with the land policies corresponding to the development of social productive forces, can we achieve the maximum of efficiency. The future of agricultural land policy reforms could focus on clarity of the collective ownership of rural land, the establishment of rural land markets and the development of modem agriculture.