不同施肥模式对赤红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

Effect of different fertilization patterns on plant yield and soil fertility in lateritic red soil upland

采用长期定位田间试验,研究不同施肥模式对赤红壤旱地花生—甘薯轮作制产量和土壤肥力的影响。5年定位试验表明,平衡施肥平均产量最高,花生和甘薯比常规施肥增产13.1%～13.5%,净增收提高14.0%;氮磷钾对花生和甘薯的增产率逐年提高,但花生和甘薯分别对缺磷和缺钾较敏感。年际间产量变化趋势表明,常规施肥对花生和甘薯产量的变异系数大于平衡施肥;不施肥区和氮磷钾缺素区的产量均呈现逐年下降,但缺氮对花生产量的敏感性大于甘薯,甘薯缺磷或缺钾对产量的敏感性高于花生。平衡施肥的氮磷钾利用率平均分别为40.9%、17.7%和24.2%;缺素区的土壤供肥量比不施肥区提高了近1倍;土壤有机质都有所提高,施用氮肥都使土壤酸度有所增加;不施肥区和氮磷钾缺素区都使相应的土壤速效养分明显下降;常规施肥使土壤有效磷下降22.5%,碱解氮和速效钾则基本维持不变,但平衡施肥使土壤有效磷含量基本不变,碱解氮和速效钾则分别提高26.2%和38.4%。

Based on long-term experiment,the effect of different fertilization on crop yield and soil fertility of peanut-sweet potato rotation system in lateritic red soil was studied.The experimental results showed that the average yield of balanced fertilization treatment was the highest,compared with farm usual practice,the yield of peanut and sweet potato increased by 13.1%~13.5%,the net income increased by 14%,the increasing rate of NPK fertilization to peanut and sweet potato was improved year after year,but peanut and sweet potato were sensitive to lack of phosphorus and potassium.The trend of inter-annual yield showed that the coefficient of variation about the yield of peanut and sweet potato on usual practice higher than the balanced fertilization;The yield of no fertilization area and lack of NPK area decreased year and year;The yield of peanut was more sensitive than sweet potato in lack of N,the yield of sweet potato was more sensitive than peanut in lack of PK.The utilization rate of NPK of balanced fertilization 40.9%,17.7% and 24.2%;Supplying amounts of soil nutrients in the area lack of nutrient was nearly twice as much as the no fertilization area;All of soil organic matter improved,all of soil pH increased in nitrogen ferti lization area;The soil available nutrient in no fertilization area and the area lack of NPK was obviously decreased;Soil available phosphorus of balanced fertilization decreased by 22.5%,available nitrogen and available potassium basically kept constant,soil available phosphorus of balanced fertilization basically maintained,soil available nitrogen and available potassium respectively improved by 26.2% and 38.4%.