两汉御史中丞的设立及其与司直、司隶校尉的关系

The Establishment of Yu Shi Zhong Cheng and its Relationship with the Direct Secretary(SiZhi) and Si Li Xiao Wei in Han Dynasty

御史大夫是西汉最高监察机构,但其建制也是一步步发展起来的。从《二年律令·秩律》看,汉初还未见御史中丞。御史中丞的设置应当在吕后二年之后,景帝中元三年之前。御史中丞为御史大夫之副,西汉末御史大夫转官为大司空,御史中丞为汉中央的最高监察机构。御史中丞秩级不高,因其是内官,享有的礼仪却是很高的。西汉自武帝元狩五年起逐渐发展形成多元的监察体制,御史中丞、司隶校尉、丞相司直同为监察机构,虽然监察侧重点不同,但三职官皆"无所不监",因此在现实中,互相纠弹,争权不止。司直在东汉一度被取消,汉末恢复。北朝的司直转变职能,成为审判机构的属官。司隶校尉东晋时转为地方官。自此,汉朝的多元化监察体系又恢复为一元监察体制。

Yu Shi Da Fu is the highest supervisory body in West Han Dynasty,which was established step by step.According to Law of Rank,there was no Yu Shi Zhong Cheng in early Han dynasty.It was established after the second year of Empress Lv,before the third year of Ching-ti Zhongyuan.Yu Shi Zhong Cheng is Yu Shi Da Fu’s assistant.In late Western Han Dynasty,Yu Shi Da Fu was replaced by Large Sagong,while Yu Shi Zhong Cheng became the highest central supervisory body.Yu Shi Zhong Cheng’s rank is not high,but enjoys very hight ritual,because it is within the government.A multiple supervisory system had been developed since the fifth year of Emperor Han-wu Yuanshou,in which Yu Shi Zhong Cheng,Si Li Xiao Wei and Direct Secratary were all supervisory body.Although their emphases were different,the range of their functions are same.Therefore,in reality,they corrected each other bombs and struggle for power endless.Direct Secretary had been canceled in the Eastern Han Dynasty,but was recovered in late Han. In the Northern Division,Direct Secretary’s functions were transformed to the sub-official of trial organization. Si Li Xiao Wei was transformed to local officials in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.Since then,Han’s multiple supervisory system was restored to a unitary system.