“两大发现”还是“七大发现”(上)——马克思使社会主义由空想变为科学的思想史考察

Two Great Discoveries or Seven Great Discoveries(Part Ⅰ)——An Inspection of the Thought History about Marx's Contribution in the Transition from Utopia to Science of Socialism Theories

关于社会主义由空想变为科学的理论基础,各种教科书都归之于马克思的"两个伟大发现"。殊不知,这一提法的首倡者恩格斯只是在举例子的语境中才这样说的。因为,马克思自我认定的一大发现——"无产阶级专政",就没有在恩格斯的"两个伟大发现"说中占有位置。所以,恩格斯在《卡尔·马克思》一文中对马克思盖棺论定的评价是,有"永垂科学史册的许多重要发现"。相对于科学社会主义理论体系的确立而言,马克思至少有七个伟大发现:(一)人类社会历史规律的研究路径;(二)劳动;(三)人类社会历史的工艺学基础;(四)无产阶级专政;(五)劳动人道主义;(六)剩余价值;(七)唯物史观。这七个伟大发现的实现,有着历时性先后顺序,在内容上也存在着逻辑层次关系。而在七个伟大发现中,处于核心、基础和本质地位的,是马克思对"劳动"的发现。

Engels＇ verdict that the two great theoretical discoveries of Marx laid the corner stone for the theory of socialism to transform from utopian to scientific has been widely accepted since it was put forward. However, that proposition can only be correctly understood in some certain context. The final evaluation given by Engels to the theories of Marx is that ＇boast many significant discoveries which will be permanently carved into the memory of science＇. Investigating the erected theoretical system of scientific socialism, there are at least seven great theoretical discoveries of Marx can be found： the study approach to the rule of human society history, human labor, the polytechnic foundation of the human society history, proletarian dictatorship, labor humanism, surplus value and historical materialism. The seven great theoretical discoveries bear a graded logic tie to one another according to their contents, and their realization would come in a diachronically chronological sequence. Moreover, the discovery of labor plays a centric, basic and essential role among the seven.