基于社会交换理论的西递古村落私人空间转化机制研究

A SOCIAL EXCHANGE APPROACH TO THE MECHANISM OF PERSONAL SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION IN XIDI VILLAGE

古村落具有双重性质,即具有一般农村社区的特征,同时也具有旅游社区的特性,这种双重性质使得有限的村落空间成为游客与居民争先占有的场所。本文尝试以空间为观察视角,理解和认识古村落内部私人空间转化现象发生的作用机制,并引入社会交换理论来阐述和解释转化动机这一重要的转化前提。通过对西递案例的研究发现:私人空间转化动机包括微观层面上的经济利益、荣誉感和宏观层面上的集体决定、示范效应、共同价值观,并且(1)私人空间转化为游客空间并不是单向发生的过程;(2)当空间转化结果不如行为主体预期时,转化后的空间有可能重新变为纯粹的私人空间;(3)私人空间转化为景点能够延续的前提就在于空间所有者能够从这种转化中获取相对应的收益。

Ancient village is one of the key tourism attractions in China's Mainland,famous for its traditional customs,architectures and rural landscapes.With the development of tourism,ancient villages are going through a series of changes.Facing these changes,this article attempts to draw some useful and meaningful conclusions from a spatial perspective.The purpose of this article is to understand the transformation mechanism of private space,and try to use social exchange theory to construct the research frame.Employing John Ap＇s social exchange model of community resident＇s participation and taking Xidi village,the ancient village and World Cultural Heritage site in China＇s Anhui Province,as the primary case study area,this article constructs a social exchange process model of spatial transformation which consists of 4 parts： space transformation motivation,exchange prerequisites,exchange formation（exchange process assessment）,and exchange consequences evaluation.The study shows that： 1） the transformation from private space to tourist space is not an one-way process;2） the transformed private space tends to return to pure private space once it cannot reach the space owner＇s expectation;3） the prerequisite of the transformation from private space to sightseeing site is that the space owner（i.e.,the exchange agent）,can make profit from such a process.Moreover,this research improves and enriches John Ap＇s classical model by emphasizing the probability that the exchange agent with negative attitude or evaluation will withdraw at any phase of the exchange process,or even quit from an accomplished space transformation.