元和明前期南北差异的博弈与整合发展

Gaming and the Process of Integrating Differences between Northern and Southern China during the Yuan and Early Ming Dynasties

元朝统一后,南方与北方差异依然存在,导致国家制度层面亦呈现南、北因素的并存博弈。由于元政权北制因素势力过分强大,北方制度向江南的推广移植明显多于南制因素的保留及北上影响,初次博弈整合的结果,北制因素稳居上风。元明鼎革,承袭元朝制度颇多,朱元璋、朱棣的个人因素与社会关系等力量的交互作用,致使明前期南、北制因素的那次整合仍然是北制多占优势。明中叶后又实施另一次整合,且改为南制占主导。先后经历元朝、明前期以北制为主导和明中叶后南制为主导的三次整合,明后期才重新回归到代表唐宋变革成果的南制方面且得以升华发展。此乃元明二代因南、北差异而展现的社会整合发展的基本脉络和走势。就社会形态的核心——社会关系而言,主从隶属依附,大抵是北制的要害;租佃雇佣,大抵是南制的真谛。

The unification of China in the Yuan dynasty did not eliminate the differences between northern and southern China,leading to the co-existence of and gaming between the northern and southern elements at the level of state institutions.During the Yuan dynasty,the expansion and transplantation of northern institutions to the southern region were more obvious than the reverse due to the strength of northern elements in the government,so that the first of these games ended with the northern elements securely gaining the upper hand.After the Yuan was replaced by the Ming,the latter inherited many of the former's institutions,and this,in addition to the interaction of a variety of forces,such as the personal factors of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang and Emperor Zhu Di as well as their relations with society,meant that institutional integration during the early years of the Ming dynasty was still dominated by the northern side.Later,in the middle of the Ming dynasty,a new integration was obtained,but this time it was with the southern elements dominant.It was not until the late Ming dynasty,after the three integrations mentioned above,that the southern institutions representing the results of the reforms of the Tang and Song dynasties were finally recovered and further developed.This was the basic course of the development of the social integration of the differences between the north and the south during the Yuan and Ming dynasties.From the perspective of the central issue in social formations-social relations,the main essence of the northern system was the patron-client relationship,as that in the south was the tenancy and hired employee relationship.