多元化适用:证明妨碍法律效果的选择路径

Diverse Ways to Deal with Spoliation of Evidence

法律效果是构建证明妨碍制度的关键环节。诉讼实务操作的多样化和诉讼理论见解的不统一导致关于证明妨碍法律效果的讨论由一元化走向多元化。根据多元化观点,不宜采取划一性的方式制裁妨碍者,法院应当本着诚实信用原则,仔细斟酌妨碍者的主观心态、实施方式、可归责程度及被妨碍证据的重要性等因素,在结合其他证据的基础上采取自由心证的方式对事实作出认定。法院可以选择推定举证人的主张为真实、或者直接认定妨碍者拟制自认,或者针对该等事实降低证明标准,甚至在必要时转换证明责任,或者采取罚款、拘留或直接强制等强制措施。

Consequence is the key link to evaluate spoliation of evidence. Diversity of procedural operations and variation of procedural theories result in a truth that the discussion about the legal consequence of spo- liation must be diversified. As such, not only a single way will be taken to punish the parties who engaged in the spoliation ; and the court should, with good faith doctrine, exercise his/her discretion after carefully consid- ering the subjective mind of the parties, their destructive methods, extent of liability and importance of spoiled evidence and other evidences. S/he may presume the claim to be true of the party who bears the burden of proof, directly identify the spoiler＇s implied admission, reduce evidential test of the fact, or even when neces- sary converse burden of proof or take measures such as fine or detention or some other direct coercive measures.