中国虹鳟养殖模式的生命周期评价

Life Cycle Assessment of Rainbow Trout Aquaculture Models in China

本文以黑龙江省和北京市虹鳟养殖为例,应用生命周期评价方法,将虹鳟养殖生命周期划分为饵料生产、电力生产、化学品生产和养殖污染排放4个阶段,考虑了全球变暖潜势、能源消耗、酸化潜值和富营养化潜值4种环境影响类型,以获得1t养殖增重量为评价的功能单位,对虹鳟网箱养殖模式、工厂化流水养殖模式和工厂化循环水养殖模式的潜在环境影响进行了评价比较。结果表明,我国虹鳟养殖模式的环境影响从高到底依次是富营养化潜值、全球变暖潜势、酸化潜值和能源消耗;网箱养殖模式的环境影响指数分别为53.963、0.939、0.717和0.017,工厂化流水养殖模式的环境影响指数分别为35.213、4.827、2.896和0.049,工厂化循环水养殖模式的环境影响指数分别为7.404、5.545、3.305和0.055;富营养化潜值是虹鳟养殖的主要环境影响类型,其主要来自养殖污染排放。3种虹鳟养殖模式的环境影响综合指数分别为6.69、5.52和2.02,我国虹鳟养殖模式的环境性能从高到低依次为工厂化循环水养殖模式>工厂化流水养殖模式>网箱养殖模式。减少养殖污染排放、降低电能消耗和提高饵料利用率是提升我国虹鳟养殖模式环境友好性的关键。

The environmental impacts of rainbow trout aquaculture models were studied by the case study of rainbow trout aquaculture in Heilongjiang Province and Beijing City.Life cycle assessment methodology was applied to quantify and compare the potential environmental impacts of cage aquaculture model,industrial flow-through aquaculture model and industrial recirculating aquaculture model through the following indicators：Global Warming Potential,Energy Use,Acidification Potential and Eutrophication Potential.Based on the functional unit by one-ton weight gain,the life cycle assessment covered the following processes：Feed production,electricity production,chemical production and pollution discharge.The results were as follows：The potential environmental impacts significance of the three aquaculture models all followed by eutrophication potential,global warming potential,acidification potential and energy use.The impact indexes were 53.963,0.939,0.717 and 0.017 in cage aquaculture model,35.213,4.827,2.896 and 0.049 in industrial flow-through aquaculture model,7.404,5.545,3.305 and 0.055 in industrial recirculating aquaculture model respectively.The eutrophication potential was the major environment impact indicator and mainly came from the culture pollution emission.The aggregate life cycle environmental impact indexes of the three rainbow trout aquaculture models were 6.69,5.52 and 2.02,respectively.The results indicated that the environmental performances of the three aquaculture models were in the order of industrial recirculating aquaculture model,industrial flow-through aquaculture model and cage aquaculture model.Therefore,decreasing aquaculture pollution discharge,reducing Electricity consumption and improving feed efficiency were the key to promote the environmental friendly characteristics of rainbow trout aquaculture models in China.