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马克思从未提出“‘社会大工厂’模式”——一评吴敬琏“社会主义模式论” 被引量:4

Karl Marx Had Never Been Offering "'a Large Social Factory' Model" ——On Wu Jing-lian's "On Socialist Model"
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摘要 在2010年出版的《当代中国改革教程》中,作者吴敬琏研究员声称,在马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林、毛泽东和中国1978年改革以来的社会主义理论或实践中,出现了一系列脱离实际的"社会主义模式"或"体制"。其中首当其冲、源远流长者是马克思、恩格斯理论中的社会主义="‘社会大工厂’模式"。因为科学社会主义在源头上就错了,所以,后来的社会主义理论和实践都命中注定要失败。"怎么办?"吴敬琏的逻辑结论是中国应当"向往""欧美模式"的资本主义市场经济。但是,第一,经过对马克思主义思想史和社会主义运动史的仔细考察可以看到,吴敬琏的这些观点是杜撰的,严重歪曲了马克思主义和社会主义实践,因此有必要对其逐一据实加以评论、正本清源。这是因为,"马克思主义是我们立党立国的根本指导思想"。第二,吴敬琏在曲解社会主义基本理论和历史的前提下,提出了自己的"欧美模式"的"中国改革顶层设计",即其一是国有企业从竞争、垄断行业(含"关键性领域")退出;其二是建立不"受控的市场";其三是实行西式"宪政民主"。吴敬琏的这些改革主张,属于"华盛顿共识"的范畴。吴敬琏在阐述这些主张时,还不时以自己定义的"国退民进"、"自由市场"、"政治体制改革"来充当党中央的重大改革决策,这是非常不严肃的、反常的行为。第三,经过对西方经济学和世界格局的考察可以看出,吴敬琏选择的"欧美模式"资本主义在中国是行不通的。"欧美模式"国家出于既得利益考虑,也明确反对中国复制它们的"模式"。本文是对吴敬琏"社会主义模式论"系列评论的第一篇文章。首先从马克思主义奠基人的学说出发,拨乱反正、正本清源。其基本观点是:其一,马克思、恩格斯认为自己的理论是行动指南,而不是教条。他们从未提出关于未来社会先验的、普适的"模式"。相反的,马克思、恩格斯认为,未来的社会主义建设,将由那时取得政权的人根据当时、当地的具体情况而采取措施。顾准对马克思主义的这一重要特点也是充分肯定的。其二,由辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的理论方法所决定,马克思、恩格斯从来没有如吴敬琏所说,试图去"提出更具现实可能性的社会主义经济体制设想",遑论荒诞不经的"社会主义经济体制"="大工厂"观点了。相反的,他们在探索社会主义建设的过程中,为后人树立了实事求是、理论结合实际、具体问题具体分析的榜样。其三,据对吴敬琏"大工厂论"所依据的两个重要学术论据的考察和解析,它们都属牵强附会,不足为凭。因此,"大工厂论"者要注意学风。 'The Course of Reform in Modern China' was published in 2010,in the work the author,professor Wu Jinglian claims that in the theory and practice of socialism of Marx,Engels,Lenin,Stalin and Mao Zedong,including what has happened in china since 1978,a series of socialist 'pattern' or 'system' were appeared that lose contact of reality,among them,the front-line and far-reaching one is that socialism in the theory of Marx and Engels equals to ''large social factory' pattern'.For scientific socialism had been wrong in the very beginning,the subsequent theory and practice would obviously all be doomed to failure.'What we can do about it?' Wu's logical conclusion presents China should look forward to capitalist market economy which is called'European and American pattern'.First,as Marxist thought and socialist movement have been observed and studied,we see that these points of view were fabricated by Wu,it distorts Marxism and socialist practice severely,therefore,it is necessary to comment on the points according to the facts one by one,and have a thorough overhaul,because Marxism is the guiding ideology which maintains the Party and the Country stood steady,then based on seriously misrepresenting Marxism and socialist practice Wu sets forth his 'Top-layer Design of China's reform' closely related to'European and American pattern':state-owned enterprise retreating form monopolized competitive industries(containing key areas);building an'uncontrolled market';implementing western constitutional democracy.These proposals given by Wu belong to 'Washington Consensus' category.In explaining his opinions,Wu often serves his own idea such as'the state-owned enterprises to enter and private enterprises exit','free market','reform of political system'as the major reform decision of the party central committee,it is very impetuous and abnormal.Through exploring western economics and the world pattern,we know that Wu's capitalism of' European American pattern'proved unworkable in China.On the other hand,countries of 'European and American' pattern,for their own vested interest also definitely oppose their pattern to be copied by China.This paper is the first article of a series comments on Wu's 'On Socialist Pattern'.We'll begin with the theory of Marxism founder,bring the order out of chaos,and make a through overhaul.First of all,Marx and Engels considered their own theory was an action guide and not dogma,they had never offered any priori and universal 'pattern',on the contrary,they thought the future socialist construction would be done by those who get the power at that time,they should handle matters according to specific conditions.This important feature of Marxism has been highly appreciated by Gu Zun.Also Marx and Engels had never attempted to provide an attentive idea of socialist economic system that looked more workable at that time,as for the point of 'socialist economic system' equals to' a large factory ',would surely be old wives' tale.this is determined by the theory and methodology of dialectical historical materialism.In fact,Marx and Engels,in the process of exploring socialist construction,they kept their feet on the ground,combined theory with practice,dealt with things according to the certain situations,the two great men set a good example for the later generations.And more,when the two academic cases used to support Wu's argument of 'large factory' have been studied,the investigation finds that they are somehow eisegesis,not worth a rap.So people who agree with the view of 'large factory' should pay more attention to their style of study.
作者 夏小林
出处 《管理学刊》 2011年第5期16-24,108-109,共9页 Journal of Management
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  • 1[顾准著],陈敏之,顾南九.顾准笔记[M]中国青年出版社,2002.
  • 2[德]马克思(K·Marx),[德]恩格斯(F·Engeis) 著,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局.马克思恩格斯全集[M]人民出版社,1956.

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