现代职业教育体系构建的理性追问

Rational Inquiry on the Construction of Modern Vocational and Technical Education System

现代职业教育体系的构建必须在对职业教育的规律和本质深入研究的基础之上把握以下三个基本问题。一是技能(教育)与技术(教育)的内涵。技能与技术是伴生和互动的,因应技术进步而同步提升的技能,使得基于"动作难度增大"的技能及相应技能型人才的培养,即技术工人、技师和高级技师的技能教育,与基于"知识含量增加"的技能及相应技能型人才的培养,即技术工人、技术员和技术师的技术教育——另一种形态的技能教育,都将伴随技术的发展而递升,技能不是层次概念而是类型概念。二是中等职业教育与高等职业教育的异同。中等职业教育与高等职业教育是同类型不同层次的教育,从培养"经验层面"技能型人才的中等职业教育,到培养"策略层面"技能型人才的高等职业教育,会因循技能要求递增的规律而递升,层次是职业教育得以发展的空间。三是职业教育与普通教育等值。职业教育与普通教育是同层次不同类型的教育,具有两个或两个以上学习地点的职业教育,跨越了传统的普通教育的范畴,肩负技能型人才培养重任的职业教育,具有不可或缺性和不可替代性的本质,类型是职业教育赖以生存的基础。

There are three basic issues that must be grasped for constructing the modern vocational and technical education system based on the in-depth study on the nature and the law of vocational and technical system. The first issue is the connotation of skill education and technology education. Skill and technology are associated and interactive. Technological advances will enhance the skills synchronously, which leads to with the technological development the gradual ascending of the skills and training skilled personnel based on ＂increased action difficulty＂, namely the skilled workers, masters and senior masters, and the gradual ascending of the techniques and training technical persons （another modality of skill education） based on ＂increased knowledge content＂, namely the skilled workers, technicians and senior technicians. So skill is the concept of type but not the concept of level. The second issue is the similarities and differences between secondary vocational education and higher vocational education. Secondary vocational education and higher vocation al education are the education with the same type but different levels. They will step-up with the law of increasing skill requirements, from the secondary vocational education for cultivating the skilled persons based on ＂experiential level＂ to the higher vocational education for cultivating the technical persons based on ＂tactic level＂. The level is the space for the development of vocational and technical education. The third issue is that vocational education and general education are equivalent. Vocational education and general education are the different types of education with the same level. Vocational education for skilled persons has two and more learning fields and has the indispensable and irreplaceable nature, which breaks through the fact of only one learning field in general education. Type is the basis for the survival of vocational education.