氮肥分期施用对不同土体构型玉米生长和养分利用的影响

Effects of Different Soil Configurations and Nitrogen Application Stages on Corn Growth and Nitrogen Utilization

为探明潮土不同土体构型对玉米产量和肥料利用的影响,分别在清丰县王什乡（浅位黏砂壤土）、大流乡（底黏砂壤土）开展了玉米氮肥（0、90、180、270、360、450 kg/hm2）分期施肥技术研究,追肥量为小喇叭口期和孕穗期各占50%。结果表明,分期施肥对玉米生长发育具有积极效果,叶片数在抽雄孕穗期后较对照增加1~2片;株高在小喇叭口期后,增加0.04~0.16m。浅位黏砂壤土上的玉米在抽雄孕穗期后,N 90 kg/hm21次追施、N 90 kg/hm2分2次追施、N 270 kg/hm2分2次追施、N 360 kg/hm2分2次追施等处理的株高较高,其他处理株高则低于底黏砂壤土;茎粗,除N 360 kg/hm2分2次追施外,均低于底黏砂壤土。浅位黏砂壤土的穗长、穗质量和百粒重分别比对照增加1.0~2.5 cm、16~68 g/穗和2.0~3.0 g。浅位黏砂壤土不同氮肥追施处理较对照增产8.00%~96.85%,以N 360 kg/hm2分2次追施效果最好;底黏砂壤土不同氮肥追施处理较对照增产10.29%~110.02%,以N 450 kg/hm2分2次追施效果最好;底黏砂壤土较夹浅位黏砂壤土增产效果好。氮肥利用率均以N 90 kg/hm2和N 180 kg/hm2分次施用较好。综合考虑产量和氮肥利用率,底黏砂壤土的最佳施肥量为N 180~270 kg/hm2,分2次施用,浅位黏砂壤土则为N 270~360 kg/hm2,分2次施用。因此,针对潮土区不同土体构型应选择不同的氮肥用量和施用方式,从而实现经济产量和肥料利用率的双重提高。

To explore the effect of different soil configurations on corn production and fertilizer use in alluvial soil area,the experiments of different nitrogen（0,90,180,270,360,450kg/ha）applied in stages on corn were carried out on clip sandy loam and sandy loam with bottom clay in Qingfeng county.The results showed that nitrogen application in stages had a positive effect on growth and development of corn.The number of blades increased by 1-2 leaves compared with CK after tasseling-booting stage,and the height increased by 0.04-0.16 m after small bell stage.The height of corn under N 90 kg/ha once,N 90 kg/ha twice,N 270 kg/ha twice,N 360 kg/ha twice on clip sandy loam was higher than that under the same treatment on sandy loam with bottom clay after tasseling-booting stage,except CK,and the others were lower.And the stem diameter was lower than that on sandy loam with bottom clay,except the treatment 8.The ear length,the ear weight per panicle and the 100-grain weight increased by 1.0-2.5 cm,16-68 g,and 2.0-3.0 g,respectively compared with CK.The yield under different nitrogen topdressing on clip sandy loam increased by 8.00%-96.85% compared with CK,and the best one was the treatment of 360 kg/ha by 2 times.The yield under different nitrogen topdressing on sandy loam with bottom clay increased by 10.29%-110.02% compared with CK,and the best one was the treatment of 450 kg/ha by 2 times.The production-increase effect on sandy loam with bottom clay was better than that of clip sandy loam.The fertilizer use efficiency under N 90 kg/ha and N 180 kg/ha with application twice was better in two soil texture.Considering the yield and nitrogen utilization,the best volume of nitrogen fertilizer for the sandy loam with bottom clay was 180-270 kg/ha with application twice,and that for clip sandy loam was 270-360 kg/ha with application twice.Therefore,different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer should be chosen for different soil configuration in order to improve the economic yield and the efficiency of fertilizer use.