野生太行山猕猴的社会结构

Social Structure of Wild Macaca mulatta in the Mt.Taihangshan Area,Jiyuan,China

2009年2月至2010年7月,在河南太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区济源管理局所辖的天坛山管护区,基于个体识别和野外跟踪,观察了一个野生太行山猕猴群(王屋1群,WW-1)的社会结构,采用随机取样法(Ad libitum sampling)记录了该群内成年个体之间、母系单元之间的竞争行为过程,进而依据"David得分法"构建了WW-1群内成年个体及母系单元间的优势等级,并采用瞬时扫描取样法(Instantaneous andscan sampling)记录了成年个体到达投食区的移动顺序,分析了平均移动序位与社会顺位的相关性。结果表明:1)WW-1群体大小为41只个体,由7个成年雄性和13个成年雌性以及21个未成年猕猴组成,群内的成年雌性个体分别隶属于3个母系单元;2)群中成年雄性、成年雌性、亚成年雄性、亚成年雌性、青少年雄性、青少年雌性、婴幼猴雄性、婴幼猴雌性的比例为1∶1.86∶0.29∶0.43∶0.86∶1.29∶0.14∶0,且未成年个体占全群的51.2%;3)WW-1群表现出严格的优势等级结构,成年个体优势顺位由高到低依次是:豁鼻>次红>白鼻>痞子>红脸>尖脸>小白脸>皱眉>光鼻>长毛>黑颊>小不点>斑点>斑眼>灰头,母系单元间的优势顺位由高到低依次是红脸单元>长毛单元>斑点单元。研究结果提示,太行山猕猴的社会结构为多雄多雌型;成年雄性个体之间优势等级较成年雌性严格,而成年雌性的社会顺位受所在母系单元社会顺位的影响;WW-1群的α位为成年雄性,其在获取资源上具有优先性。

Between February 2009 and July 2010,we investigated the social structure of a wild troop of Macaca mulatta（named Wangwu 1 or WW-1） living in the Henan Taihangshan Macaque National Nature Reserve in Mt.Taihangshan area,Jiyuan,China.We collected data of agonistic behaviors among the adult individuals and matrilineal units by the Ad libitum sampling strategy and then established dominance hierarchies based on David＇s Score methodology.We also collected data on moving order of adult individuals＇ arrival to the provisioning site by instantaneous and scan sampling,and analyzed the relationship between social rank and moving order.The results showed that this troop with 41（7 adult males,13 adult females and 21 immature） individuals had an adult sex ratio（♀：♂？） of 1.43,and that all adult females belonged to three matrilineal units.In addition,the following ratios were evident-adult male： adult female： sub-adult male： sub-adult female： juvenile male： juvenile female： infant male： infant female,1： 1.86： 0.29： 0.43： 0.86： 1.29： 0.14： 0,and the percentage of the immature accounted for 56.4% of the total troop members.A linear dominance hierarchy was found among adult individuals and the matrilineal units in the troop with the dominance rank of adults given by individual abbreviated name as： HB CH BB PZ HL JL XBL ZM GB CM HJ XBD BD BY HT,and for matrilineal units： HL Unit CM Unit BD Unit..We conclude that the Taihangshan macaques exhibited multi-male and multi-female social structure,with the dominance hierarchy of adult males steeper than that of adult females,while the social rank of adult females determined by their matrilineal unit＇s social rank.Besides,the α（alpha） rank of this troop was HB,an adult male who had clear priority access to food resources.