平等主义的纲领及其衍绎《大同书》《仁学》的一种解读

The Program of Equalitarianism and Its Deduction:An Explanation of Book of Great Harmony and Study of Benevolence

《大同书》是中国第一个全面阐释平等主义的纲领。它和努力衍绎其平等主义的谭嗣同《仁学》,共同构成了现代平等主义的早期经典。从康有为开始,平等观念的古今之变呈现出历史性的飞跃。建立在"人的相同性"基础上的"平等"观念,从单纯的形上学或境界论,转变为基本的价值和实践的原则。康有为不仅将儒、释、道和基督教关于平等的玄谈引向现实的规范,而且将农民"均贫富"的诉求转变为具有社会主义色彩的经济平等。在"大同"社会的价值排序中,全面平等不但具有普遍主义的特征,而且明显优先于自由,由此凸显其平等主义。在《仁学》中它向两个方向发展:第一,《仁学》更多地表达了为平等诉求作哲学论证的尝试;同时表征了平等观念在中国获得社会植根性的曲折过程。第二,《仁学》表示谭嗣同的平等主义在实践上比康有为更加激进,使得一种原本具有抗议性甚至颠覆性的思想呈现为激进主义的典型形态。

Book of Great Harmony was the first program to interpret equalitarianism in China. This book along with Tan Sitong＇ s Study of Benevolence, which deduced its equalitarian thoughts, has become a classic of modern equalitarianism. There happened a historic leap of the idea of equality since Kang Youwei. His idea of ＂equality, ＂ based on ＂the sameness of all human beings, ＂ has turned from absolute metaphysics into a fundamental value and a practical principle. Kang led abstract discussions on equality that was from Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism and Christian to practical criterions, and transformed the peasantish appeal of ＂spreading the wealth＂ to sort of socialist request of economic equality. In the value order of a ＂ Great Harmony＂ society, the idea of overall equality would not only characterize as universalism, but also be prior to freedom, which indicated their position of equalitarianism. In Study of Benevolence, the idea of equality has evolved in two directions： on the one hand, Tan Sitong improved its philosophical demonstration, which represented the tortuous process how the idea of equality rooted in Chinese society; on the other hand, Tan＇ s practice of equalitarianism was more radical than Kang Youwei, which exerted Kang＇ s protesting even overturning thoughts, and reinforced it as a typical form of radicalism.