土地利用/土地覆被变化研究范式的转变

Paradigm Shift in the Study of Land Use/Cover Change

土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)研究的形成和发展经历了从前科学(无范式)到科学(以范式为标志)的历史过程。认识LUCC研究范式及其转变的内涵和实质对其理论和应用的发展与完善具有极为重要的意义,并有助于提高解释和预测能力。本文以库恩的"范式"和"范式转变"为基本脉络,剖析了LUCC研究中的实证主义范式、科学人文主义范式、结构功能主义范式以及复杂性范式,并指出范式及其转变主要在本体论、认识论和方法论三个层面表现出来。实证主义范式强调决定论以及主客体分离,认为应把经验与逻辑分析作为客观地认识现实的基础,它贯穿LUCC不同发展阶段,在初期发挥了重要作用,至今仍主导着LUCC研究;科学人文主义在科学主义或实证主义的基础上强调了人的主体性,修正了它们的片面性;结构功能主义为我们提供了一种可资参考的系统分析方法,在宏观层面的许多重要理论见解和研究方法,值得LUCC研究者关注和借鉴;复杂性范式强调土地系统的非线性、自组织、连通性等特征,为LUCC研究提供了一种新的科学世界观、认识论和方法论,利用复杂性理论研究具有非线性特征的复杂土地系统,体现了当前LUCC研究的范式转变。

Rcserch on Land Use/Cover Change （LUCC） has developed from prescience period without a paradigm to science period, which is marked with paradigm. Identifying the connotation and the nature of paradigm and paradigm shift in LUCC is of great value for the development and refinement of its theory and application, which can further enhance the ability to explain and predict land use change. According to the paradigm and paradigm shift advanced by Thomas Kuhn, this paper explored the positivism paradigm, scientific humanism paradigm, structural functionalism paradigm, and complexity paradigm in LUCC. It is pointed out that paradigm and its shift can be understood on the basis of ontology, epistemology and methodology. Positivism paradigm, throughout the development of LUCC, emphasizes the separation of subjects and objects and believes that realities can be objectively known only by experience and logic analysis. It has played an important role since the early stage of LUCC study. Scientific humanism paradigm puts emphasis on the human subjectivity based on the scientism or positivism, and thus amends their one-sidedness. Structural functionalism paradigm provides researchers with a systematic analysis method. Its theoretical insights and research methods at macro levels deserve particular attentions. Complexity paradigm emphasizes the nonlinear, self-organization and connectivity of land systems, and thus brings a new scientific world outlook, epistemology and methodology into LUCC research. Therefore, the usage of complexity theory reflects the current shift of paradigm in LUCC.