FDI对中国工业企业效率影响的路径——基于中国工业分行业的实证研究

Spillovers Mechanism of FDI on China's Industrial Enterprises' Productivities

本文利用2000—2007年中国规模以上全部工业企业数据,计算了外商直接投资在行业内、后向和前向产业中的渗透度,以及内资企业全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步。在此基础上,通过面板数据回归,考察了外商直接投资在不同路径下对内资企业生产效率的影响。研究发现,中国工业部门各行业中的外商直接投资对同行业和上游产业中的内资企业产生正的行业内水平溢出和后向溢出(后者比前者更为显著),而对下游企业产生负的前向溢出。影响路径为:外资企业通过示范与模仿、竞争两条路径促进了同行业中的内资企业全要素生产率及技术效率的提升;经由后向关联促进了上游产业中的内资企业全要素生产率及技术效率的增长;但是在前向关联中却阻碍了下游内资企业全要素生产率及技术效率的改进。外资企业经由不同路径对内资企业技术进步的影响不具有一致性,存在明显的行业特征。

Using the panel dataset of all manufacturing enterprises （above a minimum scale） in China from 2000 to 2007, this article calculates foreign direct investment＇s permeabilities--horizontal permeability, backward one and forward one--and domestic enterprises＇ productivities--total factor productivity, technical efficiency and technology advancement. Based on the above testing results, the spillovers of FDI toward domestic enterprises＇ productivities through different channels are analyzed by panel data regression. Conclusions are as follows： positive horizontal spillovers and backward spillovers from FDI to domestic firms exist, while negative forward spillovers. FDI promotes the total factor productivity and technical efficiency of domestic enterprises within industry through demonstration-imitation effect and competition, of domestic upstream firms through backward linkages. However, it hinders the total factor productivity and technical efficiency of domestic downstream firms through forward linkages. The spillover effects on technology advancement happened in different industries reveal different characters.