集体行动的“微观基础”:埃尔斯特对马克思阶级理论的重构

"Micro-foundation" of Collective Action : Elster's Reconstruction on Marxist Class Theory

马克思主义阶级理论研究在近年来呈复兴之势。作为"分析的马克思主义"的重要代表人物,埃尔斯特运用方法论个人主义、理性选择理论,从集体行动理论视角,对马克思的阶级理论(阶级定义、阶级意识和阶级斗争)进行了"分析的重构",以求奠定马克思阶级理论的"微观基础"。埃尔斯特对于社会宏观现象背后"微观基础"的探寻,以及研究方法论的创新,对于我们坚持和发展马克思主义有一定的借鉴意义。但埃尔斯特泛化了阶级概念,其阶级理论的"去政治化"无意中为资本主义提供了一种合法化的佐证。而作为工具的方法论个人主义的缺陷致使他对马克思的文本和集体行动理论存在某些误读。

The study of Marxist class theory was revival in recent years. As an important representative of ＂Analytical Marxism＂, from the innovative perspective of collective action, Elster carried out the ＂analytical reconstruction＂ on the theory of the Marxist class（class definitions, class consciousness and class struggle）, with methodological individualism, rational choice theory, in order to lay the＂micro-foundation＂ of Marxist theory of class. Elster＇s exploring on ＂micro-base＂ behind the macro-phenomenon of the society, and innovation of research methodology, have some reference for us to uphold and develop Marxism. But Elster generalized the concept of class, the ＂depoliticize＂ of the theory of class unintentionally provides a corroboration of legitimization for capitalism. The methodological individualism＇flaws lead to some misunderstanding about Marx＇s writings and the theory of collective action.