心理学的学科体系和方法论及其发展趋势

The Theoretical System,Methodology and Research Trends of Psychology

文章概述了心理学的研究主题、理论体系、方法论和学科发展趋势。心理学研究人的心理与行为,兼具自然科学和社会科学的双重属性。意识和心理活动、心理和行为的生物学基础以及心理与行为的发生发展规律等是基本研究主题。心理学对基本主题的研究在生物、个体和社会3个层次上进行,并且采用了不同的视角(Perspectives)。按照这些层次和视角,心理学学科体系可以划分为不同的分支和领域。心理学的方法论与其理论取向密切相关,研究方法具有多样性和多源性。在现代科学体系中,心理学成为一门枢纽科学,正在深刻影响其他学科的发展;其内部各个分支之间的多层面交叉融合,形成了一系列新兴研究领域;在研究人的共性的同时,关注不同文化和种族的差异;心理学应用延伸到越来越广泛的领域,为社会乃至全球性问题的解决发挥着独特的作用。在中国,心理学是一个亟待发展与加强的学科领域。尽快提高心理学的科学研究水平,加强原创性研究,发挥心理学在国民经济和社会发展中的作用,提高专业人才培养的数量与质量,是我国心理学科未来发展的重要任务。

This paper summarized the research topics, theoretical system, methodology and research trends of psychology. As a branch studying human mind and behavior, psychology bears the double attributes of natural science and social science. The basic research topics of psychology are consciousness and psychological activities, the biological foundations of mind and behavior, and the law of generation and development of mind and behavior. These basic research topics are studied on three levels： biology, individual and society with different perspectives. In accordance with these levels and perspectives, the subject system of psychology could be divided into different branches and areas. The methodology of psychology is closely related to its theoretical approach and characterized by diversity and multiple sources. In the contemporary scientific system, psychology has become a pivot subject which profoundly affects the development of other subjects. The interdisciplinary fusion on various levels of psychology has boosted the development of a series of burgeoning research areas. While focusing on the universals of humanity, it also pays close attention to the differences among people from diverse cultures and races. Psychology has been applied to more and more extensive social fields, and it has been playing a unique role in solving social problems and even global problems. In China, psychology is a subject that still needs development and strengthening. To improve the research level of psychology, enhance original research, reinforce the role of psychology in national economic and social development, and promote the quantity and quality of talented professional training as soon as possible are the important tasks for the future development of psychology in China.