全球暖化下的城市规划政策——以加州为例

Urban Planning Policy in the Age of Global Warming: the Case of California

可持续发展与对抗全球暖化正成为全球发展的焦点与挑战。而全球城市化问题、城市贫困问题与气候变化问题之间有着密不可分的关系,在这一过程中城市规划将起决定性的作用,也在一定程度上决定着全球暖化的步伐。为了应对这一挑战,需要从政府及公共部门、私人开发商,再到普通民众的通力合作,建立新的环境与规划的立法与执法,以巩固与加强已取得的减少温室气体排放的成就。本文首先简要回顾全球暖化与城市规划的关系与发展趋势,然后概述了全球最早通过的加州政府的反暖化立法——《议院第32号法令》(AB32)的主要内容及其特点。AB32是横跨能源、环境、规划和交通等领域的一系列政策和目标,它定义了温室气体的排放源,设置了减排目标,介绍了跟踪与记录温室气体的方法。其核心对策直指受城市规划影响巨大的交通、建筑和工业领域。因此也就有了对温室气体排放的减少起着至关重要作用的区域规划立法——《加州可持续社区与气候保护法》(SB375)的诞生。文章接着解析了SB375的政策背景,主要政策构成,重点介绍了其最重要的组成部分:可持续发展的社区/城市策略,及其减排模型规划方法。

Sustainable development and fighting against global warming are becoming the biggest challenges to global development. Given the inextricable link connecting urbanization, urban poverty and climate change, the way in which the world’s growing cities were planned would largely determine the pace of global warming. It needs the collaboration of public and private sectors, individuals as well as communities. New environment and planning regulations and legislations are needed to enforce and ensure the achievements of GHG emission reduction. This paper starts with a brief overview of the relationship between urban planning and global warming. It is followed by the introduction of California State legislation on global warming – ＂Assembly Bill 32＂ or AB32. AB32 essentially is a set of regulations and targets sets for energy, environment, planning, and transportation, which identifies GHG emission sources, sets reduction targets, and introduces tracking and recording emission performance. And transportation, buildings, and industry are three most important battlegrounds which are largely determined by urban planning policies and strategies. Thus ＂California’s Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act,＂ or SB375, the nation’s first legislation to link transportation and land use planning with global warming, is another key legislation to effectively address GHG reduction. The paper analyzes its background and key components, especially on Sustainable Communities Strategy and Sustainable Communities Carbon Reduction Model.