2Ruth Hayhoe. China ' s University, 1895--1995 : A Century of Cultural Conflict [ M ]. New York:Garland Publishing, Inc. , 1996.3 - 23.
3J. H. Newman. on the Scope and Nature of University Education [ M ]. New York : E. P. Dutton&Co. , Inc, 1915 : 255.
4金耀基.大学之理念[M].北京:读书·生活·新知三联书店,2000:8-9.
5Stanley Aronowitz. The Knowledge Factory : Dismantling the Corporate University and Creating True Higher Learning [ M ]. New York : Beacon Press ,2001:21.
6Biggs J.Student Approaches to Learning and Studying[R].Hawthorn,Vic.:Australian Council for Educational Research,1987.
7Marton F,S(a)lj(o) R.Approaches to Learning[M] // Marton F et al.(eds).The Experience of Learning.Edinburgh:Scottish Academic Press,1984.
8Ramsden P,Entwistle N J.Effects of Academic Departments on Students' Approaches to Studying[J].Br.J.Educ.Psychol.,1981,51:368-383.
9Dart B C.Adult Learners' Metacognitive Behaviour in Higher Education[M] // Sutherland P (ed.).Adult Learning:A Reader.London:Kogan Page,1997:30-43.
10Marton F,S(a)lj(o) R.On Qualitative Differences in Learning:I-Outcome and Process[J].Br.J.Educ.Psychol.,1976,46:4-11.