基于生态足迹思想的皂市水利枢纽工程生态补偿标准研究

A study on ecological compensation standard for Zaoshi Water Conservancy Project based on the idea of ecological footprint

如何确定生态补偿标准是生态补偿研究的重点和难点问题。基于生态足迹思想方法,以皂市水利枢纽工程为例,构建了5个生态补偿主体受益评估模型(生态供给足迹评估模型)和8个生态补偿对象受损评估模型(生态需求足迹评估模型),对皂市工程生态补偿标准进行了定量评估。结果表明:①皂市工程生态补偿主体受益值为88482.2974 hm2/a,货币化转换结果为6.2353×108元/a;生态补偿对象受损值为14946.4861 hm2/a,货币化转换结果为1.0533×108元/a;生态补偿主体受益值是生态补偿对象受损值的5.92倍。②以明确生态补偿主体和生态补偿对象为前提,提出了3种生态补偿标准方案,目前推荐第2种生态补偿标准方案。③第2种生态补偿标准方案的生态补偿额为0.5238×108元/a,政府和水电开发业主是主要的生态补偿主体,其承担的生态补偿额分别占总生态补偿额的52.50%和35.77%;移民和河流生态系统本身是主要的生态补偿对象,其获得的生态补偿额分别占总生态补偿额的72.16%和15.68%。

Ecological compensation has been adopted in many countries and proved a good approach to protect environment.The focus of ecological compensation study was how to set ecological compensation standard.The ecological compensation standard was assessed mainly based on the methods of market value approach,opportunity cost approach,willingness to pay approach and cost analysis approach.Thus,the ecological footprint（EF） was applied rarely.The EF was defined as the biologically productive land and water a population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb part of the waste generated by fossil and nuclear fuel consumption.The EF provides an aggregate estimate of demands upon the biophysical productivity and waste assimilation capacity of nature imposed by human lifestyles.This aggregate indicator permits the estimation of the equivalent land/sea area,or biosphere,required to support productive activities.Its unique attribute is that it accounts for the demand upon natural resources,in terms of an equivalent land/sea area,or global hectares.The EF method has been proposed as a standard methodology to evaluate the environmental implications of alternative development models.The EF analysis becomes widely adopted as a key environmental indicator of sustainable development. River ecosystem services imply the natural environmental conditions and their effectiveness formed and sustained by river ecosystem and its ecological processes,on which,human life relies of existence.Ecological supply footprint was defined as the enhanced river ecological services′ supply ability caused by the project construction.The enhanced ability was converted to the total biologically productive land/water area.Ecological demand footprint was defined as the weakened river ecological services′ supply ability caused by the project construction.The weakened ability was converted to the total biologically productive land/water area.Five value models（ecological supply footprint models of flooding control,hydropower,reservoir irrigation,improve waterway and reservoir breeding.） of ecological compensation subject and eight loss models（ecological demand footprint models of reservoir sedimentation,reservoir inundation,construction of resettlement area,soil and water erosion,river ecosystem occupied by project,energy consumption of project construction,sewage discharge of project construction,and produce cement and steel.） of ecological compensation object were established based on the idea of ecological footprint on Zaoshi Water Conservancy Project（ZWCP）.And the ecological compensation standard of ZWCP was evaluated by the models.The results show that： ① Five ecological supply footprints were 88482.2974 hm2/a in total,which was converted to 6.2353×108Yuan RMB annually.Eight ecological demand footprints were 14946.4861 hm2/a in total,which was converted to 1.0533×108Yuan RMB annually.The values were the losses′ 5.92 times.② Three schemes of ecological compensation standard were proposed,on the premise of identifying the ecological compensation subject and the ecological compensation object.The second scheme was recommended.③ The second scheme of Ecological compensation standard on ZWCP was 0.5238×108 Yuan RMB annually.The central-local government and hydropower development owner were the main ecological compensation subjects,which undertook 52.50% and 35.77% of ecological compensation standard respectively.The resettlements and the river ecosystem were the main ecological compensation object,which obtained 72.16% and 15.68% of ecological compensation standard respectively.