中国关于砷的研究进展

RECENT PROGRESS IN ARSENIC RESEARCH IN CHINA

综述了近年来有关中国的砷污染状况、相关的分析监测技术及砷化合物毒性的研究进展.在中国部分地区,长期砷暴露导致了严重的区域性的砷中毒,主要的暴露途径是饮用水、食物和煤炭的燃烧.样品前处理、砷的富集和形态分析技术的丰富和发展,为环境科学、毒理学和流行病学的研究提供了可靠的技术支持.生物检测是一种直接有效的污染物健康风险评估方法,尿样、血液、唾液、头发和指甲中的砷及生理生化指标直接反映了暴露主体的砷暴露程度和砷相关的损伤程度.在砷的生物代谢过程中,产生活性氧和自由基,导致氧化应激的提高,影响亚铁血红蛋白的生物合成,导致细胞膜的过氧化,线粒体相关的细胞凋亡,DNA的氧化损伤而产生基因突变.砷中毒的易受程度,与年龄、营养状况、硒的摄入相关.砷化合物能穿过胎盘屏障影响胎儿的发育,穿过脑血屏障影响智力发育和导致神经毒性.慢性砷中毒的机理还有待进一步的研究.

This review summarizes recent research conducted on environmental arsenic in China,covering the topics of environmental contamination,human exposure,speciation analysis,biomonitoring,biotransformation,and toxicity of arsenic compounds.Chronic exposure to arsenic through ingestion of drinking water and contaminated food,and/or inhalation of contaminated air due to coal combustion is responsible for endemic arsenicosis in several areas of China.Progress has been made in analytical techniques for speciation analysis,increasing the number of studies on environmental chemistry,toxicology,and epidemiology of arsenic.Urine,blood,saliva,hair,and nail have been analyzed for arsenic species to assess arsenic exposure.Epidemiological,biochemical,and animal studies have linked excess arsenic exposure with the elevated levels of oxidation stress,as measured by oxidative damage to DNA and peroxidation of cell membrane.Arsenic was shown to pass through the blood brain barrier and placenta affecting pre-natal development of the fetus,as well as post-natal development of child.The exact mechanisms of chronic arsenic toxicity are complicated and remain to be elucidated.