“江湖”:中国文化的另一个视窗——兼论“差序格局”的社会结构内涵

"Jiang-hu":An Alternative Window for Chinese Society and Culture

"江湖"是熟人社会以外混沌、非透明、乏规则的互动空间。在这种互动空间里,形成了历时性的"江湖"传统。它在组织模式上体现为模拟血缘关系的异姓结拜和结盟拜会,在价值模式上体现为等差有序、内外有别的"义气"。"江湖"传统表面上看主要存在于下层群体当中,实际上深嵌于常态文化体系之内。"江湖"作为一个独特的视窗,在中西学者熟悉的"儒教中国"、"帝制中国"、"乡土中国"等局部意象之外,提供了一个关于传统中国的整合性框架,即"江湖中国"。由此,传统中国社会结构的立体特征能够得到完整呈现。基层的乡土社区层面,呈现为费孝通所说的"差序格局"特征,顶端的"庙堂"层面同样如此。而介于乡土社区与"庙堂"之间的混沌"江湖",仍旧要援引熟人世界的结构模型,同样讲究差序之别。这种一般社会层面的事实证据表明,"差序格局"概念确实具有立体社会结构内涵。

As a kind of social interactive sphere outside acquaintance circles, ＂Jiang-hu＂ （江湖, the bottom society） is untransparent and lacking of clearly established rules. Out of this sphere comes into being a kind of cultural tradition. It includes fictitious kinship network as for organization style, and hierarchical and exclusive ＂Yi-qi＂ （义气, code of brotherhood） as for ideology. This tradition looks like mainly surviving in lower classes, but is actually embedded into and becomes part of regular Chinese culture. ＂Jiang-hu＂ provides a particular window, from which comes a comprehensive image other than the well known images such as ＂Imperial China＂, ＂Confucian China＂ and ＂Earthbound China＂. This comprehensive image is ＂Jiang-hu China＂, which can fully illustrate the vertical dimension of social structure of traditional China. Under the framework of ＂Jiang-hu China＂, the theoretical connotation of Fei Hsiao-Tung＇ s notion of ＂the pattern of difference sequence＂ can be better understood.