“改土归流”对土家族音乐活动的影响

Influence of Han Culture on Music Activities of Tujia Nationality During Bureaucratization in the Qing Dynasty

雍正五年(1727年),清王朝在土家族地区实行大规模的改土归流,在土司统治地区裁革土司土官,设置府县,代之以流官治理。此时,土家族地区与外界一直处于"冲突与合作"关系,由于各民族文化的传入与融合,土家族音乐活动在形式上发生了许多变化,产生了傩堂戏、土地戏、酉戏、花灯、渔鼓等诸多新的音乐文化形式。改土归流后,土家族打破了以往土司在文化上垄断局面,在各地设立学校(义学),学习汉文化成为一种时尚,并且土家族的礼乐文化以及戏曲得到了空前发展,出现了歌乐的鼎盛、戏曲音乐的产生、祭祀音乐的变异等一系列重大历史、文化现象,导致了土家族社会的文化重构和音乐的发展。

In the fifth year of Yongzheng Emperor （ 1727）, the Qing Dynasty carried out large-scale bureaucratization in the area of Tujia Nationality. In the area ruled by minorities, the local officials were abolished, and prefectures and counties were established, ruled by government-appointed officials. At the time, the region of Tujia Nationality was under the situation of ＂conflict and cooperation＂ with outside. Due to introduction and merging of cultures of different nationalities, the music activities of Tujia Nationality changed a lot in terms of form, including many new music and cultural forms such as Nuotang Opera, Tudi Opera, You Opera, festive lantern, and Yugu. After the system was changed to bureaucratization, Tujia Nationality broke the situation of cultural monopoly by former rulers of minorities and it became a fashion for each place to learn Han Culture from establishes school （ free private school）. Besides, the ceremonial music culture and opera of Tujia Nationality achieved unprecedented development. Appeared a series of historical and cultural phenomenon, such as blooming of singing music, appearance of opera music and variation of sacrificial music, leading the community of Tujia Nationality. to cultural reconstruction and musical development of