马克思对康德自由观的继承和超越

Marx's Inheritance and Transcendence of Kant's Concept of Freedom

人永远是哲学关注的中心,而自由恰恰是人的内在本性的体现。从某种意义上来说,一部哲学史就是有限的人不断追求无限、追求自由的历史。康德在"人是目的"的理论中,耗尽毕生精力致力于探索实现人的自由的可能性和现实性问题,马克思更是早在学生时代就确立了实现人类自由的理想。马克思与康德一样,将追求人的自由作为哲学的最高价值指向,将实践作为实现自由的根本途径,将自由王国的实现看作是历史的过程。但另一方面,马克思在哲学的出发点上,将哲学的阿基米德点从天国拉回尘世,在现实生活世界中理解人,实现了从抽象的人到现实的人的转变;在实践内涵上,将康德割断的生产实践和道德实践统一起来,实现了从道德实践到社会实践的扩展;在哲学的价值指向上,实现了从道德目的王国到人的自由全面发展的自由王国的转变,使哲学不再追求彼岸世界的乌托邦,而是在生产发展的基础上,将必然王国与自由王国连接了起来,为实现人的自由全面发展找到了现实途径。通过这种转变,马克思完成了从康德开始的新的哲学思维方式的革命。

Man always centers the domain of philosophy,while freedom embodies man＇s internal nature.In some sense,a history of philosophy records endless pursuit for freedom.Kant spent all his life on the theory of ＂man is the end＂,explored the possibility and reality of man＇s freedom,and Marx actually had set his goal of realizing freedom of humankind in his student days.Basis on such backgrounds,the paper undertook to discuss freedom,analyzing Marx＇s inheritance and transcendence of Kant＇s freedom concept.It pointed out that Marx took man＇s freedom as the supreme value of philosophy as Kant did and treated practice as basic approach to freedom,the realization of free realm as historical process.On the other hand,Marx degraded the point of Archimedes to common life,understood people in real world,switching abstract man to practical man.In the connotation of practice,he united production and morals which Kant separated,extending moral practice to social practice.In philosophical value orientation,he switched morals-orientated realm to free realm with man＇s free and overall development,breaking a utopian philosophy,and jointed realm of necessity and realm of freedom together on the basis of production,so as to find the approach to man＇s free and overall development.Through such changes,Marx had fulfilled a new revolution of philosophical thinking mode since Kant＇s era.