企业集群的向心力和离心力

The Centripetal Forces and Centrifugal Forces in the Cluster of Firms

区域经济的集群化发展是人类经济活动的一个越来越重要的特征,对这种发展趋势的深刻理解有助于把空间引入经济学中,克服没有空间的经济增长理论的局限,提高其解释力和预见力。然而,要理解企业集群的形成、治理和演变,从而正确地制定区域经济发展战略,就必须深刻理解企业集群的向心力和离心力。因为,塑造集群化经济的地理结构的正是企业集群的向心力与离心力之间的张力。本文探讨了企业集群的各种向心力(如马歇尔型外部经济、报酬递增、空间竞争、非贸易类投入品的可获得性、创业优势、企业间的互补性、区域品牌效应、运输技术的发展和经济活动聚集的预期等)和离心力(如拥挤效应、知识外溢的效果递减、土地、非熟练工人等投入品的非流动性和需求在空间上的分散性等)。在此基础上,本文提出了一些促进企业集群发展的政策建议。

The clustered development of regional economies is an increasingly important characteristic of human economic activities.Deeply understanding this trend helps to bring space into economics and overcome the limitations of the growth theory without space and hence enhance its explanatory and predictive power.However,to understand the formation,governance and performance of the cluster of firms and hence formulate right strategy for regional economic development,we must comprehend its centripetal forces and centrifugal forces because the geographical structure of the clustered economy is shaped by the tension between centripetal forces and centrifugal forces of the cluster of firms.This paper explores various centripetal forces,such as external economies in the sense of Marshall,increasing return,space competition,the availability of non-tradable inputs,entrepreneurial advantage,inter-firm complementarity,the expectation of economic activity-agglomerating,etc.This paper also explores various centrifugal forces of the cluster of firms,such as congestion effects,decreasing effectiveness of knowledge spillover,the immobility of some inputs,the diffusion of demand in space,etc.Building on above,we propose some policy suggestions aiming to facilitate the development of the cluster of firms.