论清代宾兴的教育公益基金属性

On the Nature of the Fund "Binxing" in Qing Dynasty

清代宾兴是由社会捐资或地方官拨款创设的专门资助科举考生的公益性考试基金。由于其与清代科举与教育的紧密联系,清代宾兴具有典型的教育属性。它为科举考生提供经济资助,因而具有典型的公益性。它在创设之初往往需要详准立案,派遣专人或公举董事进行管理,采取田租、店租以及银钱生息等形式进行资产增值,因而具有典型的基金属性。宾兴以其在清代全国各地的广泛分布与不断发展成熟,成为我国传统社会中捐资兴教的典型公益活动。

Binxing,a public fund thriving in Qing Dynasty,was founded with the money donated by the public or specially allocated by the local government budget to finance the studies of the students for the Imperial Examination.Its close relationship with the Imperial Examination and the education itself in Qing Dynasty endowed it with an educational feature.Meanwhile,its free provision of financial aid for the students contributed to its quality of public service.Furthermore,the establishment of a Binxing usually required approval of government at various levels and once it was set up,specially designated personnel or board of directors would be responsible for its daily management which involved investing it in the rental business or the financial areas to guarantee the increase of its value.Therefore,it had the nature of a funding organization.With its rapid development and increase of numbers across the country,Binxing had become a typical example of promoting education with funds in the feudal society of China.