试题命制的理论和技术(一)

Theories and Techniques for Item Construction

大规模教育考试试题命制是以心理学的某些理论假设为基础。与这些理论假设一致的试题定义要求试题应该具备三个要素:测量目标、刺激情境和设问,这三个要素缺失了任何一个,都不能构成完整的试题。根据这些理论假设以及试题定义和要素,本文讨论了命制客观题和主观题的基本要求,客观题包括题干的要求、选项设置的要求以及选项数的问题;主观题包括情境材料的选择、设问、赋分和评分标准制定。

Some psychological assumptions are the foundations of the item construction for large scale assessment.The assumptions are consistent with Osterlinter's item definition which means that an item consists of three components,definite measuring objective or psychological construct,a stimulus and a prescriptive form for answering.Without any one of the components,an item could not be used to infer the examinees' psychological construct effectively.Based on these assumptions as well as the item definition,the authors have discussed the fundamental considerations in developing selected-response and constructed-response items.