俄罗斯公司立法综论——兼与中国公司立法比较

Review on Corporate Legislation in Russia——Comparative Study with China's Legislation on Corporate

俄罗斯的公司立法起步很早,但发展缓慢,直到20世纪90年代才形成相对独立的公司法体系。传统上,俄罗斯采民商合一的立法体例,但在民法典之外,仍制定有公司单行法,并与调整公司关系的总统命令和政府规章等规范性法律文件以及联邦最高法院和最高仲裁法院所作的司法解释一并行使调整公司关系的职能。俄罗斯公司立法注重对私权利的维护,以任意性规范为主。但在向市场经济过渡时期,实践中的公司利益冲突不仅危害社会公共利益,最终也损及股东权益。有鉴于此,立法者不得不修订法律条文,增加强制性规范,强化公权力对公司活动的干预。这虽然与我国公司立法的趋向刚好相反,但两国立法的最终目标都是在寻找一个自由与干预的最佳平衡点。

The corporate legislation in Russia was launched early yet developed slow,forming a relatively independent corporate law system till 1990s. Though traditionally the unification of civil law and commercial law was adopted in Russia's legislation pattern,an independent corporate law was formulated separated from the civil code. Besides,the presidential decrees,normative administrative regulations,and judicial interpretations of the Federal Supreme Court and Arbitration Court,will perform the function of regulating corporate as well. Originally,in corporate legislation,Russia laid more focuses on protecting private rights and mainly adopting arbitrary regulations; however,during the transformation to market economy,the interest conflicts in practice had harmed the social public interest and that of shareholders as well. Accordingly,legislators had to amend the law by adding more mandatory regulations so as to strengthen the public power's intervention on corporate activities. By contrast,our country has adopted quite an opposite trend in corporate legislation,though the final goal of both countries is to find the best equilibrium between freedom and intervention.