法国违宪审查制度探析

A Probe into the Unconstitutional Review System in France

宪法至上、基本人权的保障、现代法治国这些观念被普遍认同与接受,是法国违宪审查制度建立的重要基础。与其他欧洲国家相比,法国违宪审查制度存在着缺陷,表现为宪法委员会的法律地位不明确,个人不能直接向宪法委员会提出违宪审查的请求,宪法委员会仅对法律实施事先审查等等。宪法在司法诉讼中的适用,打破了宪法委员会对违宪审查的垄断权,同时也引起了新的法律问题。通过改革来完善现有的违宪审查制度是法国学者的重要研究议题。其中,先行裁决制度由于它的各种优点,对完善违宪审查制度将起重要的作用。

The generally recognized and accepted concepts of supremacy of Constitution, safeguard of basic human rights, and modern ruling of law and so forth have laid substantial foundation for establishing the unconstitutional review system in France. However, compared with that of other European countries, French unconstitutional review system bears such deficiencies as indefinite legal status of constitutional committee, inaccessibility for individuals to directly request for unconstitutional review, and only prior review existed and implemented by the constitution committee. Since the Constitution can be applied in judicial lawsuit, the monopoly right of unconstitutional review exercised by the constitution committee has been broken down, which has aroused new legal issues. Accordingly, French scholars have undertaken major researches concerning the perfection of the current unconstitutional review system through reform, among which, prior award system will play a key role due to its various advantages.