海岸带木麻黄防护林更新方式、树种选择和造林配套技术研究

STUDIES ON REGENERATION METHODS SPECIES SELECTION AND COMPLETE SET OF TECHNIQUES OF FORESTATION OF CASUARINA PROTECTION FOREST IN THE COAST ZONE

自1992年开始,在福建省东山县赤山林场和惠安县赤湖林场,对更新改造技术难度最大的海岸风口木麻黄基干林带更新方式和树种选择、林带内侧立地质量最差的木麻黄Ⅲ、Ⅳ类林的改造方法和树种选择以及海岸风口基干林带前沿干旱沙地换带更新造林技术等3大难点问题进行长期、深入和系统研究。主要目的是为了突破上述3种困难立地木麻黄防护林更新改造技术难点,在更新改造关键技术和树种选择方面取得突破,以期在较短时间内重建新1代稳定、高效、高产优质、结构合理和可持续经营的沿海防护林生态体系。经过长期的、综合性的较大规模试验和示范研究,在海岸带风口木麻黄基干林带更新方式方面,分别提出适宜不同类型林带的更新方式,如片状林带间隔带状采伐更新方式、低效林带渐伐后林下套种更新方式和前沿稀疏林带林下套种更新方式等,在研究过程中均有不断创新。经试验研究,提供了适宜的更新树种,厚荚相思、纹荚相思、刚果12~#桉、湿地松和木麻黄优良无性系_(9201)、东_1、粤_(701)等。同时,研究开发出以深挖整地、放适量客土、施磷肥、客土拌泥浆、春季雨天冒雨造林和容器苗大苗深栽等抗旱造林关键技术。由于更新造林技术的重大突破,使造林保存率普遍提高到90%以上,3年内郁闭成林,开始发挥防护效益。在林带内侧立地质量最差的木麻黄Ⅲ、Ⅳ类林改造关键技术研究方面,研究提出,一是更换造林树种,用新筛选出的优良树种火炬松、巨尾桉、厚荚相思、湿地松或木麻黄优良无性系_(9201)、粤_(501)、粤_(701)等取代当地木麻黄实生苗造林。几年来用木麻黄小枝切基沙培扦插繁殖木麻黄优良无性系苗300多万株,可供造林1500 hm^2。二是改造方法以砍掉木麻黄,用上述优良树种重造和抽行套种效果最好,幼中林生长量比第1代木麻黄可增加1倍左右,达到Ⅰ、Ⅱ类林标准,实现多树种造林以打破木麻黄防护林树种单一格局。在海岸带风口基干林带前沿干旱沙地换带更新造林关键技术研究方面,研究提出,必须应其特殊困难生境条件,一是采用抗逆性强的木麻黄优良种源或无性系苗造林,如澳_(15198)、澳C_(38)、东_1、粤_(701)、惠_1 等;二是造林时严格实行抗旱造林技术,以深挖整地、放适量客土、施磷肥、客土拌泥浆、春季雨季冒雨造林、容器苗大苗深栽和旱季浇水保苗等;三是造林方式多样化,如多行篱式、丛植、团块状和岛状、密植等,以提高其群体抗逆功能。由于,在木麻黄防护林更新改造3大难点领域关键技术取得重大突破和更新方式的不断创新,试验示范林长势喜人,有力地推动了当地防护林更新改造工作的开展,为防护林生态工程体系建设提供重要的技术支撑和提高其科技水平。

In this paper,thorough,systematic researches in 3 difficult problems-regeneration methods and species selection of the trunk shelterbelts of Casuarina in wind gaps of coast,transformation methods and spe- cies selection of the Ⅲ and Ⅳ classes of Casuarina shelterbelts in inside of shelterbelts of poor site quality types,and regeneration techniques by belt-changing on the arid sandy soil in the forward position of trunk shelterbelts at wind gaps of the coast were conducted.In aspect of regeneration of the trunk shelerbelts of Cas- uarina at wind gaps of coast,were presented methods for the different types of shelterbelts,such,regeneration under strip system in tracts of shelterbelts,regeneration of lower-effective shelterbelst by interplanting after preregeneration,and regeneration of sparse shelterbelts by interplanting,etc,and for regeneration were provided proper planting species:Acacia crassicarpa,A.aulacocarpa,Eucalyptus 12 ABL,slash pine and superior clones 9201,Dongl,Yue 701;besides,were developed the drought-resistant planting techniques-land preparation by decp digging,putting proper soil from other place,applying phosphate fertilizer,planting in rainy days of spring,dressing with mud in the soil and deep planting with great container seedings.Dus to use of regeneration techniques the survival rate of forestation was above 90%,and the crown was closed within 3 years.In aspect of the techniques of transformation of Ⅲ and Ⅳ class shelterbelts,the study put forward:1.changing of forestation species by using the following-lobololly pine,E.urophylla,Acacia crassicarpa,slash pine and superior clones of Casuarina 9201,Yue 501,Yue 701 instead of the local seedings of Casuarina;2.transformation method— renewedly planting with above species after cutting the formers.In aspect of research on techniques of regenera- tion by belt changing in arid sandy soil of forward position of the trunk shelterbelts at wind gaps of coast,the paper presented 1,using the superior provenances of Casuarina having high adverse resistances of clone seed- lings-Au 15 198,Au c 38,Dong 1,yue 701,Hui 1,etc.;2.putting above drought resistant planting technigues into forestation practice;3.a variety of planting ways:in multirows like hedge,group planting,planting in patch and compact planting etc.