Haemondynamic and stress hormone response during laparoscopic surgery

The0 laparoscopic surgical technique has very rapidly come into increasing use,as it has been found to offer several advantages over conventional laparotomy technique. Postoperative pain is significantly reduced and the hospitalization time is considerably shortened, as is the time for sick-leave. During laparoscopic procedures, abdominal organs are visualized by intra-abdominal in-sufflation of carbon dioxide, i.e. pneumoperitoneum(PP). In order to facilitate access to organs in the upper or lower part of the abdomen, the thchnique is