商量状的应用与唐代行政运行体制的转型

The Use of Shangliangzhuang and the Transformation of the Administrative System of Tang Dynasty

商量状作为奏状的一种,是唐代裁处政务的主要公文形式。唐代前期的行政运行体制是三省制,尚书省作为全国最高行政机构,通过商量状裁处律令格式规定范围外的国家政务,是商量状使用的主体。高宗、武后至玄宗时期,随着三省制向中书门下体制过渡,宰相开始政务官化,参与国家日常事务的处理,逐渐使用商量状。肃宗朝以后,进入中书门下体制时期。宰相机构作为国家政务的主要承担者,成了商量状使用的主体。与此同时,中央各机构之间的职能趋于模糊,尚书省、寺监、御史台和使职都在不同程度上拥有政令权,也可以使用商量状。商量状应用主体的变化,是唐代行政运行体制转型在官文运行方面的反映。

Shangliangzhuang was one form of Zouzhuang used to handle government affairs. Sansheng System was adopted as the administrative system in the early Tang Dynasty. Shangshu was the highest administrative rank, which handled the state＇s political affairs that were not provided for in the Shangliangzhuang system. Shangshu was the main body in the using of shangliangzhuangs. From Gaozong to Xuanzong, the administrative system began shifting to the Zhongshu Menxia System. The prime ministers began to handle the state affairs by using Shangliangzhuangs. After Suzong, the Zhongshu Menxia system was formally established and became the main body in the handling of state affairs and in tile using of Shangliangzhuangs. Under the Zhongshu Menxia System, the functions of the central government bodies were obscured as each had its own administrative power to a certain extent and was using Shangliangzhuangs. The change of users of Shangliangzhuangs reflected that of the official documents in Tang＇s administrative system.