从俄罗斯全球战略视角剖析俄哈关系安全模式

Analysis of Russia-Kazakhstan Security Mode from Russian Global Strategy Perspective

在俄罗斯对外战略中,"后苏联空间"一直占据着极其重要的地位,通过整合分散的"后苏联空间",最大程度地推动以俄罗斯为主导的次区域一体化,是俄罗斯多年来一贯推行的方针政策。在"后苏联空间"中,哈萨克斯坦始终扮演着重要的角色,俄哈关系构成俄罗斯重塑"后苏联空间"的一个重要环节。俄罗斯追求在世界上"最大行动自由"与哈萨克斯坦确保自身"自主性"的互动过程中,俄哈之间构建出特有的安全模式。通过对俄哈之间存在的三种复杂安全模式进行全面的梳理,同时以北美的"美国—加拿大"安全模式为参照系进行对比分析,从而可以全面和深入的了解俄哈两国的战略关系,并有助于评估俄哈安全合作的现状及前景,以及这种安全模式对整个欧亚格局产生的深远影响。

A noticeable group is emerging in the social transition of Russia, which is entitled as ＂the transitional poor＂ （ compared with the poor before the transition, the group is referred to as ＂the new poor＂）, not only specially composed but also in large numbers. The majority of this group comprises the intellectual, civil servants, and key skilled workers, who were of the core group of the middle class during the Soviet period. The emergence of the new poor resulted in over half of the total population being in poverty in the early years of the reform in Russia. The new poor shall be classified as relatively poor or the marginalized poor in light of their social professions and life characteristics. The emergence of this group reflects deep-rooted problems embedded in the system during the Russian transition, among which, a series of structural factors, for instance, the inequality of distribution system, the widened income disparities between industries, and the shortage of safeguard measures, constitute the main causes of this; meanwhile, some individual factors to poverty, for example, the group itself failing to adapt to the new situation well also play the roles.