捕食者-猎物关系的理论和应用研究

Theoretical and applied studies on predator-prey interaction.

捕食者和猎物相互关系的研究,长期以来一直是动物生态学研究的中心课题之一。这种研究可区分为3种类型:第一是理论研究,即组建各种数学模型以便模拟捕食者和猎物间的相互关系;第二是实验种群研究,通常是在实验室内选用原生动物和节肢动物实验种群对捕食一猎物间的动态关系进行观察,并将观察结果与理论模型进行比较;第三是在田间对自然种群中的捕食者-猎物关系进行研究,并利用从理论研究和实验种群研究中所总结出来的各种基本原理对观察资料进行分析。在应用生态学领域中,常常靠引进新的更加有效的天敌来控制各种害虫。这些实际工作有些已获得成功,也有不少未取得预期效果,不管成功与否。

Population interaction between predator and prey is one of the central subjects of study on animal population ecology for a long time. There are three major types of study. The first is theoretical. Here various mathematical models have been constructed to simulate the behaviour of interacting predator and prey population. The second is experimental,in which, properties of actual predator-prey population systems are compared with theoretical models. The third is represented by field investigation, in which, naturally occurring interactions between predator and prey are analysed in the light of various principles derived from theoretical and experimental types of study. In the field of applied ecology, there have been many attempts to achieve the biological control of pests by introducing new and more effective natural enemies into their natural or semi-natural population systems, sometime having attained the goal, and sometimes ended in failure. These attempts can all be regarded as field experiments on predator-prey interactions in the real world.