地理信息系统在海洋渔业中的应用现状及前景分析

Development and application of geographic information system in marine fisheries

地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)作为一种高效的时空分析工具,于20世纪80年代末期应用于海洋渔业领域,并在渔海况数据采集与分析、渔业资源与海洋环境关系、水产养殖选址、渔业资源评估与分析、标志放流、海洋生态系统以及渔情预报等方面得到广泛应用。但GIS在渔业方面的应用仍然面临着巨大挑战,渔业信息已不再局限于渔业数据及相关环境数据,还应包含与渔民本身相关的社会经济数据,即未来的海洋渔业GIS应是一个集自然资源与环境系统、人类系统、社会系统与经济系统为一体的综合系统。基于生态系统的海洋渔业管理及可持续性已得到全社会和国际组织的共同关注,GIS相比于传统分析方法具有很大的优势,将有助于提高海洋渔业信息决策分析。未来GIS在海洋渔业中的应用将注重以下几个方面:(1)基础数据库的建立及数据标准化;(2)鱼类关键栖息地的分析与研究;(3)海洋保护区的确定;(4)渔业资源的长期监测与管理;(5)鱼类洄游分布及海洋环境的三维化。结合我国大洋渔业的研究现状,提出了建立基于GIS我国大洋渔业信息系统的框架。

Geographic information system（GIS）,as a powerful spatio-temporal analysis tool,has been applied to marine fisheries since the late 1980s,and which is widely used in the fields of data processing and analysis of fishery conditions,relationship between fishery resources and environment,aquaculture selection,fishery resources assessment,tagging,marine eco-system and fishing ground forecasting.But GIS in the marine fisheries still faces with great challenges.The information of fishery resources includes not only fishery data and environmental data,but also social-economic data which are closely related with fishermen.That is,in the future GIS in marine fishery should be a set of natural resources and environment systems,human systems,social systems and economic systems.Fisheries management and sustainability based marine eco-system has been a common concern of community and international organizations,and GIS has greater advantages than traditional methods and will further enhances fishery decision-making.The applications of GIS in fisheries will focus on：（1） the establishment of the database and data standardization;（2） the design of key essential fish habitat;（3） the definition of marine protected areas;（4） long-term monitoring and management of resources;（5） distribution and migratory of fish specis and 3-D analysis of marine environment.Finally,the establishment of GIS-based framework for ocean fisheries information system in our country is proposed.