俄中两国早期工业化比较:先决条件与启动模式

A Comparison of Early Industrialization between China and Russia: Focus on Precondition and Starting Mode

工业化是机器大工业在国民经济中发展并取得优势地位的过程,是现代化的重要内容。俄国和中国在国土自然环境方面以及19世纪中期之前的农村土地关系和手工业生产方式上,与同时期的西方世界相比,均缺乏明显的自发向工业社会过渡的有利条件。然而受外部压力的影响,俄中两国于19世纪中期几乎同时开启了工业化。不过,由于国情各具特点,两国展现出了不同的工业化启动模式:俄国从铁路建设入手,中国则以军事工业起步;俄国实施了鼓励私人创业、积极引进外资、推行保护关税等适合本国国情的发展策略,中国则广泛采用"官督商办"的经营体制。最终,到第一次世界大战前,俄国的工业化取得了显著成就,工业规模稳居世界第五,而中国的工业化则收效甚微,较俄国明显地存在着巨大的差距。

Industrialization is a process that industrial production activities obtain a dominant position in national economy,and is an important component of modernization.Although neither nation was as ready for a transition to industrial society as the Occident did in the aspect of territory and rural land concern as well as manufacturing production system before the mid-19th century,China and Russia had stepped on their paths to industrialization almost simultaneously because of the impacts from the outside world.However,because of discrepancy of national conditions the two countries showed different starting modes of their own industrialization.Chinese industrialization used military industry as the leader while Russian industrialization started by means of railway construction.In China,the management system of 'official-supervised and merchant-managed' was widely adopted and the development strategies which adopted by Russia encouraged private ventures,attracting foreign capitals actively,and carrying out protective tariff.Consequently,until the eve of the First World War,Russian industrial scale had ranked the fifth among all countries,but the level of Chinese industrialization was much inferior to Russian.