清末民初华北乡村中的“好汉”群体——以山西忻州为例

Weig On the Brave Men in Country Villages in North China in the end of Qing Dynasty and Republic of China——Xinzhou As a Case Study

清末到民国年间,华北乡村中的"好汉"群体成员主要包括"精英型"、好赖型与"无赖型",总体特征是凭借"强力"在乡村社会占有一席之地。他们或因有一定的文化休养,热心于公益事业,在乡民心目中树立了良好的形象,赢得乡民的信赖;或因其身怀绝技,但从不欺压普通百姓,属于"红道""黑道"的两路人,被乡民称为"好赖人";或因其横行乡里,对民众利益构成严重的威胁,为民众所不齿。他们的行为对乡村社会产生着不同寻常的影响,"精英型"抑制"劣绅"不法行为的同时,还能最大限度地动员村民参与村政建设;"好赖型"既有维护乡民正常生产生活秩序的积极作用,也因其不良嗜好,对乡村社会的稳定产生负面影响;"无赖型"是乡村社会的破坏力量,一旦攫取了乡村权力,就成为一种典型的"横暴"权力。

In the end of Qing Dynasty and Republic of China,the Brave Men in country villages in North China mainly consists of three categories： the elite type,the good and the bad type,and the rascal type.As compared to the other groups,the Brave Men do not have inherited wealth or orthodoxical influence as their support,but they have unusual power so that the common people fear them and avoid them.They either have fairly good culture so that they are similar to the village elite,or they have unique martial arts and have connections with both the good and the bad but rarely bully the villagers belonging to what the countrymen call the good and the bad,or they throw theirht about harming the villager＇s benefits thus hated by them.Their behavior produces the unusual influence in rural society,the elite type inhibits illegal behavior of evil gentry,still can mobilize the village to participate politics of village＇s construction to the maximum,the good and the bad type both have positive role in the maintenance of normal production and living of village,but also because of the bad habits,produce negative influence to the stability of village society： the rascal type is the destructive force of the rural society,once grabbed rural power,is a kind of typical tyranny power.