淹水对河南省不同地区夏玉米生长及产量的影响

Effects of Flood Disasters on Summer Maize's Characters and Yield in Different Areas of Henan Province

[目的]探求洪涝灾害对河南省不同地区夏玉米生长及产量的影响。[方法]2008和2009年在河南省驻马店和濮阳2个地区进行了以淹水时间和淹水时期为主要因子的淹水模拟试验,并初步探讨了淹水的玉米产量损失率评估模型。[结果]淹水对夏玉米植株死亡率、果穗成穗率、单株籽粒重影响明显;对株高、果穗长、果穗粗、百粒重和秃尖率影响较小。同一淹没天数、同一淹没时期对河南不同地区夏玉米产量的影响差别较大,总体上淹水1 d对玉米产量影响甚微,淹水3 d减产率均在30%以上,淹水5 d减产率均在50%以上,淹水7 d减产率均在70%以上。拔节期淹水7 d,夏玉米绝收;抽雄期淹水7 d,夏玉米基本绝收或者绝收。淹水对不同淹没时期玉米性状及产量的影响表现为拔节期均重于抽雄期。拔节期淹没天数与玉米产量损失率的关系模型为:Y拔节=-0.347 5X拔节3+2.829 2X拔节2+10.162 0X拔节-2.375 5,R2=0.895 8;抽雄期为:Y抽雄=-0.193 6X抽雄3+2.077 2X抽雄2+7.372 1X抽雄-2.266 2,R2=0.949 7。[结论]为今后洪涝灾害监测以及灾损快速评估提供了参考。

[Objective] The aim was to quantitatively explore effects of flood disasters on summer maize＇s characters and yield in different areas of Henan Province.[Method] A simulation test was carried out in Zhumadian and Puyang areas of Henan Province in 2008 and 2009,which accounted for a number of factors,especially the flooded days and flooding period.Finally,the evaluation model of maize yield loss was studied.[Result] Flooding had obvious effects on the mortality,spike rate and grain weight per plant of summer corn,while the plant height,ear length,ear diameter,100-seed weight and bald rate were less affected.The same flooding days and period had different effects on summer corn of Henan different areas.1 day flooding had little effect on corn production,while more than 3 days flooding led to over 30% reduction.More than 5 and 7 days flooding led to over 50% and 70% reduction,respectively.During the jointing stage,7 days flooding resulted in a total failure for summer corn,and this was also the same case for 7 days flooding during the anthesis stage.Flooding in the jointing stage resulted in more damage than in the anthesis stage for corn＇s characters and yield.During the jointing stage,the evaluation model of flooded days and maize yield loss was Yjointing =-0.347 5Xjointing^3 ＋ 2.829 2Xjointing^2 ＋10.162 0Xjointing-2.375 5,R^2=0.895 8;during the anthesis stage,it was Yanthesis=-0.193 6Xanthesis^3 ＋ 2.077 2Xanthesis^2＋ 7.372 1Xanthesis-2.266 2,R^2=0.949 7.[Conclusion] The research provides reference for studies on flood monitoring and fast evaluation of disaster damage.