晚清东南督抚的地方自治思想探究——以李鸿章、张之洞和刘坤一为中心

A Probe into the Local Autonomy of the South-East Inspectors and Governors in the Late Qing Dynasty——Centering on Li Hongzhang,Zhang Zhidong and Liu Kunyi

当义和团运动渐趋高潮时,坐镇南方的李鸿章、刘坤一、张之洞等地方督抚在中外几种政治势力的怂恿下,因不满清廷的政策而各自萌发了"独立"、"自治"想法,但他们随着时局变化很快又放弃了这一想法,转而全力经营"东南互保"。东南互保时期的"独立"、"自治"思想,因其所处的特殊政治形势而凸显出地方政权与中央政权之间的离心力,尽管其中偶尔迸发出一丝"革命"火花,但终未能突破晚清地方自治思潮的政治界限。它实质上是晚清地方自治思潮的延续和发展,反映了晚清中央政权所面临的深重政治危机。换言之,晚清地方自治思潮的持续发展和以地缘情结为基础的"省界"(区域)观念的不断深化是东南互保形成的重要思想诱因。

With the Yihetuan Movement coming to a climax,and under the pressure of several political forces both at home and abroad,such inspectors and governors in the South as Li Hongzhang,Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong,out of their dissatisfaction with the policies of the Qing government,produced respectively an idea of independence or autonomy.But the subsequent change of the situation prompted them quickly to give up the idea and turn completely to the south-east mutual protection.This protection also displays some idea of independence or autonomy,which,under the political circumstances at that time,highlights the dissociation of the local regime and the central regime,even a spark of ＂revolution＂,but,ultimately,does not break through the political limit of local autonomy trend in the late Qing Dynasty.In essence,this protection is a kind of continuation and development of the local autonomy trend in the late Qing Dynasty,reflecting a great political crisis faced by the central regime.In other words,the continuous development of the local autonomy trend in the late Qing Dynasty and the constant intensification of the regional idea based on the geographical complex are important inducement shaping the south-east mutual protection.