意大利产业区重组:集团化、创新与国际化

The Restructuring of Italian Industrial Districts:Groupification,Innovation and Internationalization

近30 a来,意大利产业区成为西方学术界研究的热点与争论焦点。传统的意大利产业区模式主要强调中小企业为主的"弹性专业化"生产系统与本地社区的嵌入性。在全球化与知识经济的宏观背景下,意大利产业区正在经历一系列的以集团化、创新与国际化为主要特征的产业重组过程:产业区的组织结构开始由中小企业为主的"弹性专业化"生产系统向"产业区集团"主导的等级制生产体系转变;创新模式由本地分散化的渐进式创新向大企业研发导向的开放式创新转变,外部知识联系的作用不断增强;企业生产活动的国际化、跨国公司的进入使得产业区相对封闭的本地网络向开放的全球网络转变。其转型和发展理论对中国产业区的发展具有重要启示,未来中国产业区研究应注重3方面:①运用演化的视角研究产业区的动态发展过程;②关注本地网络与全球网络的互动;③强调中观区域视角与微观企业视角的结合。

Italian industrial districts（IDs） attracted substantial scholarly attention in the past three decades. Based on the recent literature on Italian industrial districts,this paper analyzes the feartures of traditional Italian industrial district model,and the recent restructuring processes of the districts in the context of globalization and knowledge economy.The traditional Italian industrial districts model is characterized by small and medium enterprises（SMEs） production system with flexible specialization and embeddedness in local communities, resembling the Marshallian industrial district（MID）.However,with the development of globalization and knowledge economy,Italian industrial districts have been undergoing the process of restructuring,including groupification,innovation and internationalization.Specifically,the organizational structure has been transformed from a small and medium enterprises production system to a hierarchical production system dominated by＇district groups＇;the innovation model has been transformed from localized incremental innovation to open innovation based on RD in large firms,as well as the increasing importance of external knowledge linkages; the relatively closed local network has been turned into an open global network with the processes of internationalization of production activities and the entrance of multi-national enterprises（MNEs）.Finally,this paper discusses theoretical implications for the research on industrial districts and empirical implications for the development of Chinese industrial districts.It is argued that the future research on industrial districts should pay more attention to the following three areas： 1） the evolutionary processes of the industrial districts; 2） the interaction between local and global networks;3） the integration of meso-level,region-based view with micro-level,firm-based view.