基于二语教学的汉字构形理据量化研究

A Quantitative Study of Chinese Character Formation Principles in Context of Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language

当前对外汉字教学大体可以分为"先语后文"、"语文并进"、"语文穿插"和"单独开设汉字课"四种模式。无论哪种模式,都可以利用汉字构形知识来强化教学效果。由于现阶段我们对现代汉字构形理据度缺乏总体认识,因而利用其进行汉字教学势必会受到局限。对外汉字教学现状要求我们对现代汉字的构形理据进行定性、定量研究。以《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲》中2098个形声字为研究范围,选取可以统摄10字以上的51个部首及其下辖的1781个形声字为研究对象,进行汉字构形理据度分析,得到的理据度接近0.8。这样高的理据度若不在对外汉语字词教学中加以利用,是忽视了汉语、汉字的特色,也是一种教学资源的浪费。

Teaching Chinese characters requires both qualitative and quantitative research methods for the formation prin ciples. The data in this study involves 1781 of the 2098 phonogramic characters listed in the Compulsory Characters for Mandarin Proficiency Levels and Character Frequency Lists, and the related 51 radicals with each being used in at least 10 characters. The quantitative analysis of the data has shown high relevance between a character＇s meaning and structure or between its meaning and sound, as represented by a relevance index of nearly 0.8. This special feature of Chinese language should he well used in teaching Chinese characters; otherwise, it Will he a waste of teaching resources.