“向在而死”——试析列夫·托尔斯泰小说《三死》中的存在论哲学命题

"Death-toward-being":The Ontological Analysis of Leo Tolstoy’s Three Deaths

对任何人来说,死亡无法体验但又不可避免。列夫.托尔斯泰对这一古老的哲学命题终其一生思考、探究不已。他坚持灵魂和肉体二元论的生命观,认为肉体生命通过道德完善努力获取精神生命,便可从肉体的死亡实现灵魂的永恒存在。生命存在的意义就在于如何从不可避免的肉体死亡中获得精神生命,即"向在而死"。在托尔斯泰早年完成的小说中可窥见其对这一形而上问题基本思想的一贯思路。

Death cannot be experienced nor avoided by everybody.Leo Tolstoy insists on thinking and exploring this philosophical thought throughout his lifetime.He sticks to the dualism of body and soul in life,and holds that human beings could gain spiritual immortality through physical death with moral perfection.Readers could have a rough idea in his early work Three Deaths,in which death is an enduring topic.