南京弘觉寺塔地宫出土金铜尊胜塔像新考

New Study of the Gilt Bronze rNam rGyal mChod rTen Unearthed from the Underground Palace of Hongjue Monastery Pagoda(Hong Jue Si),Nanjing

明正统初年太监李童施入弘觉寺塔地宫的金铜塔为藏式形制,属善逝八塔中的尊胜塔,为目前内地发现的较早遗例。此塔保存有13至14世纪藏式塔的一些特征,某些元素也体现出汉藏艺术的交融,并为探讨善逝八塔形制的发展与成熟提供了重要线索。塔瓶内设顶髻尊胜佛母雕塑坛城,实现了坛城与尊胜塔空间的完美配置,标志着尊胜佛母造像居中的塔形龛到完整塔形的变化。塔底座四隅所置盖罐或系坛城法器,或类似须弥座内纳藏黑财神像、珍珠宝石的做法,与西藏起塔制度有关。将这件作品与同时期李童在北京营建的法海寺尊胜陀罗尼石幢结合起来讨论,可窥见当时宫廷佛教信仰的特点与诉求。

The Tibetan-styled gilt bronze votive stūpa(Tib.mchod rten) preserved in the underground palace of Hongjue Monastery(Hong Jue Si) was commissioned by a eunuch named Li Tong in the first year of the Zhengtong(正统)reign(1436-49) of the Ming Dynasty.It has been studied to be rNam rgyal mchod rten of the Eight Great Caityas(Tib.bDe gshegs mchod rten brgyad),ranked among the earlier monuments of the sort that have ever discovered in the interior area of China.The 13th-14th century Tibetan architecture style and other elements it takes on display the blend of the Han-Tibetan artistry as well as the development in terms of shape and arrangement of the Eight Great Caityas.gTsug tor rnam rgyal lha dgu'i dkyil 'khor(Nine-deity Usnīsavijayā mandala) is enshrined inside the hollow stūpa vase,which results in the perfect combination of sculptural mandala with stūpa under the same name,indicating that the stūpa-shaped shrine where the goddess resides was transformed into a true stūpa.It is presumed that the jars with lids located at the four corners of the stūpa pedestal are related to the Tibetan Buddhist stūpa rituals,as is the Krsna Jambala(black Wealth Deity.Tib.Nor lha nag po) and jewels stored inside the pedestal.The study of the monument and the stone column inscribed with Usnīsavijaya Dhāranī which was also established under the supervision of Li Tong at Fahai Monastery,Beijing at the same period is of academic significance to look into what the Buddhist cults appealed to the imperial court at that time.