宇宙黑暗面(3D宇宙)的限制和哈勃参量的观测数据——哈勃参量宇宙学

Constraints on the dark side of the universe (3D universe) and observational Hubble parameter data

哈勃参量(H(z))的数据观测对于人们能够更加清楚地认识宇宙学的"三朵乌云"——暗物质、暗能量、黑暗时代——很有助益,因此近年来,对哈勃参量的数据观测问题的研究持续升温,这篇文章就是对这一问题的回顾和整理.目前,主要有三种独立的通过观测测量H(z)的方法,我们将之总结为年龄微分法、径向BAO(重子声学震荡)大小法和引力波标准汽笛法.在这篇文章中,我们首先介绍宇宙学中的基本概念,如膨胀的宇宙中的时空坐标等,随后将是对这三种方法的说明,包括误差的来源等.本文还会展示哈勃参量的观测数据在限制宇宙学模型和宇宙学参量方面的优势以及所起的巨大作用,以及一些在数据应用过程中出现问题的讨论.最后,我们总结一些即将实施的可以大幅提高数据精度的观测计划.

This paper is a review on the observational Hubble parameter data that have gained increasing attention in recent years for their illuminating power on the dark side of the universe — the dark matter,dark energy,and the dark age. Currently,there are three major methods of independent observational H（z） measurement,which we summarize as the ＂differential age method＂ ,the ＂radial BAO size method＂ and the ＂gravitational-wave standard sirens method＂. Starting with fundamental cosmological notions such as the spacetime coordinates in an expanding universe,we present the basic principles behind the three methods. We further review the two methods in greater detail,including the source of errors. We show how the observational H（z） data presents itself as a useful tool in the study of cosmological models and parameter constraint,and we also discuss several issues associated with their applications. Finally,we point the reader to a future prospect of upcoming observation programs that will lead to some major improvements in the quality of observational H（z） data.