有关“分离权”问题的法理分析

Legal Analysis of the "Right of Secession"

现实中,分离主义者常常援引"国际法上的分离权",事实上,国际法上不存在关于分离权的规范。人们通常所谓的"国际法上的分离权"的提法,是将分离权混同于国际法上的自决权,而分离与国际法上的自决完全是两码事。虽然在国际法上分离并未被确立为一项权利,但从国际实践层面来看,国家内部的弱势团体在遭遇"严重不公正待遇"时,国际社会通常视其拥有救济性分离权,国际社会之所以如此是基于人道主义理念和保护弱势团体人权的考量。救济性分离权是弱势团体为保护自身免遭毁灭、最后不得已而行使的一种救济性权利,是弱势团体实行自我保护的例外机制;但这项权利也有其局限性,主要表现在:它的行使虽然具有严格的限制条件,但由于这些限制条件在实践中难以准确、具体地把握,也常常导致该项权利被滥用。从法理上说,是否允许分离是主权国家内部的管辖事项。通过宪法赋予某团体以分离权仅仅是极个别国家出于特殊政治目的之考量而采行的做法,绝大多数国家禁止分离。研究分离权的存在情形和行使条件以及与相关概念和理论范畴的区别,对于我们反对各种形式的分离主义具有重要的理论和现实意义。

The secessionists often cited the 'right of secession' from international law;however,there is no right of secession in international law.People always get confused between secession and self-determination in international law,which are two different concepts.Secession has been never recognized as a right in the international law;but,in the international practice,when inferior groups in a nation suffer 'severe injustice treatment',the international society often assumes they have the remedial right of secession,given the concern of humanitarianism and protection of the weak.Remedial right of secession is the last kind of remedial rights that can be utilized by the inferior groups to avoid the ruin of them,and it is also an exceptional mechanism for the inferior groups.Nevertheless,it also has limits.Although the utilization of remedial right of secession is strictly limited,the vague criteria of those specific limitations are difficult to grasp when practice,frequently leading to its misuse.Regarding legal principles,it is under the administration of sovereign states whether secession is permitted.Endowing a certain group of people with the right of secession through the constitution is the practice conducted by some particular states to achieve special political ends,while it is prohibited by the majority of nations.Therefore,it's essential for us to research on the circumstances of the right of secession,the conditions of its being utilized,and the theories and notions in relevance,in order to oppose the various secessionisms both theoretically and practically.