对基于自由民主角度的分裂权利理论的简评

Review of the Secession-Right Theory Based on Liberal Democracy

关于分裂权利的研究,一直是国际学界在分裂主义研究中重点关注的一个问题。许多西方学者基于自由民主的角度,对分裂权利的正义性进行辩护。这些为分裂权利进行辩护的理论大体可以分为自决权理论、基本权利理论和唯一补救权利理论三类。这些关于分裂权利正义性的论述对相关国家的反分裂工作造成了消极的影响,但中国学界未能发出自己的声音。虽然这些理论打着自由民主的旗号,但在理论上却是反自由、反民主的,而且在实践上也是矛盾和缺乏解释力的。同时,这些理论未能把握分裂主义的本质性要素,即领土的因素,无视这种单方的领土分裂诉求对所在国领土和主权完整乃至于国际秩序的冲击;它们也忽视了分裂主义常常表现出来的暴力性和恐怖性以及这种极端政治诉求对人权、和平与自由的践踏;在分裂主义的领土性和暴力性的挑战下,分裂并非解决民族冲突、保护少数权利的可行路径。

The analysis of secession-right has always been a key issue of international research on secessionism.Several western scholars defend the justice of secession on the basis of liberal democracy,whose theories could be classified into the right of self-determination,primary right theory and the remedial right only theory.These statements have caused negative influences on anti-secession work in some states;however,there were no voices could be heard from Chinese scholars.Holding the banner of liberal democracy,these theories are not only virtually anti-liberal and anti-democratic but also inconsistent and lacking explanatory power in practice.At the same time,'territory',the very fundamental factor of secessionism,is not properly dealt with;these theories ignored that territorial appealing could cause great impacts to each states' sovereign integrity and even to international system.Moreover,these theories neither recognized the violent and terrorist aspects of secessionism nor the fact that extreme political appealing has been trampling on human rights,peace and freedom.Given these territorial and violent threats,secession can never be a practical method to solve ethnic conflicts and protect minority rights.