水网平原地区不同种植类型农田氮磷流失特征

Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from croplands with different planting patterns in a riverine plain area of Zhejiang Province,East China.

采用田间径流小区定位研究方法,在浙江省绍兴县选择27块农田,研究了自然降雨条件下水网平原地区7种种植类型农田N、P的径流流失特征、负荷及影响因素.结果表明:农田径流总P(TP)、水溶态P(DP)和颗粒态P(PP)的年流失量平均分别为4.75、0.74和4.01kg.hm-2;PP占TP的比例高于DP.径流总N(TN)、水溶态总N(DTN)、水溶态有机N(DON)、NH4+-N和NO3--N的年流失量平均分别为21.87、17.19、0.61、3.63和12.95kg.hm-2;流失的DTN各组分以NO3--N为主,其次为NH4+-N,DON的比例较低.不同种植类型农田径流TN、DTN、DON和NO3--N的流失量由低至高依次为:休闲地<苗木地<单季晚稻农田<双季稻农田<油菜(或小麦)-单季水稻农田<小麦-早稻-晚稻农田<蔬菜地,而径流TP和PP的流失量依次为:休闲地<苗木地<单季晚稻、双季稻农田<小麦-早稻-晚稻农田<油菜(或小麦)-单季水稻农田<蔬菜地,不同种植类型间的DP流失量差异较小.N、P流失主要发生在作物生产期间,TN和TP的流失比例随作物复种指数的提高而增加.TN、DTN和NO3--N流失量主要与N肥施用量有关,土壤中NO3--N含量对TN和DTN流失量也有明显影响;农田DON的流失除与N肥施用量有关外,还受土壤全N和有机质积累的影响;NH4+-N的流失量主要与土壤NH4+-N水平有关,受N肥施用量的影响不明显;径流TP和PP的流失量受P肥施用量、土壤P积累的共同影响,而DP的流失与施P量关系不大,但与土壤全P和有效P都存在显著相关关系.

By the method of site-specific observation,and selecting 27 field plots with 7 planting patterns in Shaoxing county of Zhejiang Province as test objects,this paper studied the characteristics of nitrogen（N） and phosphorous（P） runoff losses,loads,and their affecting factors in the croplands with different planting patterns in riverine plain area of the Province under natural rainfall.The mean annual runoff loads of total P,dissolved P,and particulate P from the field plots were 4.75,0.74 and 4.01 kg·hm-2,respectively,and the load of particulate P was much higher than that of dissolved P.The mean annual runoff loads of total N,dissolved total N,dissolved organic N,NH4＋-N,and NO3--N were 21.87,17.19,0.61,3.63 and 12.95 kg·hm-2,respectively,and the load of different fractions of dissolved total N was in the sequence of NO3--N NH4＋-N dissolved organic N.As for the field plots with different planting patterns,the runoff loads of total N,dissolved total N,dissolved organic N,and NO3--N were in the sequence of fallow land nursery land single late rice field double rice field rape（or wheat）-single late rice field wheat-early rice-late rice field vegetable field,while those of total P and particulate P were in the sequence of fallow land nursery land single late rice field and double rice field wheat-early rice-late rice field rape（wheat）-single late rice field vegetable field.No significant difference was observed in the load of water-dissolved P among the test plots with different planting patterns.The runoff losses of N and P mainly occurred in crop growth period,and the proportions of N and P losses in the growth period increased with increasing multiple crop index.The runoff losses of total N,dissolved N,and NO3--N were mainly related to the application rate of N fertilizer,and soil NO3--N content also had obvious effects on the runoff losses of total N and dissolved N.The runoff loss of dissolved organic N was related not only to N application rate,but also to soil total N and organic carbon.The runoff loss of NH4＋-N was mainly related to soil available NH4＋-N,but not related to N application rate.The runoff losses of total P and particulate P were related to both P application rate and soil available P,while the runoff loss of water dissolved P was less related to P application rate but had relations to soil total P and available P.