北京市近年婚配状况的特征及分析

Marital Status in Recent Years:The Case of Beijing

婚姻本质上是男女双方的选择和匹配过程。文章基于北京市2004～2009年的婚姻登记数据库,对夫妇双方在年龄、城乡户籍、地区户籍、学历、婚次、民族和职业等方面的匹配状况和特点进行分析,印证了婚配过程中同类匹配和婚姻梯度的存在。从时序上看,夫妇双方的年龄日益趋近,人口流动也促进了跨地域通婚的增加,这些特征改变了传统的婚配走向,使婚配更具开放性;但夫妇学历的日趋"般配"和跨城乡通婚的减少,也显现出婚姻匹配走向封闭的特征。基于社会交换心理所形成的男女双方不同特征属性之间的优劣互补,使婚姻梯度所造成的夫妇间的差距在一定程度上有所减弱,从而形成同类婚配、且丈夫的综合条件略高于妻子的总体婚配特征。在大城市中,受婚姻梯度的影响,往往是条件优秀的女性承受更大的婚配压力。

An approach to marriage is essentially a process of choosing and matching.Based on the marriage registration data pool of Beijing during 2004 to 2009,this paper examines the matching characteristics of couples in such factors as age,regional residential registration in terms of urban or rural region,education,times of marriage,ethnic and occupation.The results corroborate the existence of homogamy and marriage gradient.From the perspective of time series,the couples' age gap becomes narrowing down,and the labor migration promotes the cross-regional marriage.These have changed the faces of traditional marriage matching and made the process more open.On the other hand,the couples' narrowing gap of education and the decreasing in marriages cross between urban and rural region also demonstrates the trend of closing in marriage matching.Also a married couple's disparity resulted from marriage gradient is moderately weakened when the couple intend to complement their differences of superiority and inferiority under today's social exchange psychology.Therefore,the general characteristic of marital status is of homogamy,and the integrated condition of the husband is a bit better than that of the wife's.Therefore in metropolis,under the influence of marriage gradient,superior females usually bear bigger pressure in marriage matching.