文学进化的两种形态——五四时期胡适与周作人进化论思想比较

Two Shapes of Literature Evolution

胡适与周作人是"五四"时期文学进化论的宣扬者,但他们对于进化论又有着各自不同的阐述视角、表现特征和理论渊源。胡适的文学进化论侧重于文学形式,认为文学进化实质是"文字工具的革新";周作人认为文学进化应当更突出内容和思想的革新,落脚点在"人"上。胡适文学进化论的一个鲜明特征就是"历史"的观念,突出逻辑上的"前因后果"关系,这种实证的思维方式是胡适论证其文学形式变革的思想内核;周作人的文学进化论聚焦于"生物",他提出的一系列重要概念如"人"、"人的文学"、"人道主义"等,都是从生物本体出发的。胡适的文学进化观源自杜威的实验主义,带有浓重的社会达尔文主义色彩,更接近于斯宾塞等人的社会进化理论;周作人从生物层面阐释"人的文学",则更接近于达尔文的生物进化论。另外,周作人的文学进化观在达尔文生物进化论基础上,吸收了克鲁泡特金的互助进化思想,从而带有浓厚的"人道主义"精神。以上三方面差异,导致"五四"时期胡适与周作人文学观、思想观的部分错位与分歧。

Hu Shi and Zhou Zuo-ren are the advocators of literature evolution in the May 4th period.However,the two literature giants have different explanations of literary evolution,performance characteristics and the theory origins.Literature evolution of Hu Shi focuses on the literature form.He thought literature evolution is actually the revolution of the tool of characters while Zhou Zuo-ren believes literature evolution should value the content and idea.The clear feature of literature evolution of Hu Shi is the history concept,which emphasizes the relationship between the cause and effect in logic.The empirical way of thinking is just the core Hu Shi＇s demonstration of his literature form.Zhou Zuo-ren focuses on biology.He raises a series of concept,as human,human＇s literature,humanism,and so on.They both are based on biology.Literature evolution of Hu Shi is originated from experimentalism of Dewey.Experimentalism involves strong color of social Darwin Doctrine,which is closer to social evolution of Spencer.But Zhou Zuo-ren＇s interpretation of human＇s literature is close to biology evolution of Dewey.In addition,the literature evolution view of Zhou Zuo-ren absorbs Kropotkin＇s Mutual Aid evolution theory,and has the strong humanism spirit.Because of the difference in the view of explanation,performance characteristics and theory origin,Hu Shoi and Zhou Zuo-ren＇s literature concept and idea have partly dislocation and differences.