2GOLD Executive Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, man agement, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( Updated 2010 ). http ://www. goldcopd, org.
3Thompson WH, Nielson CP, Carvalho P, ef al. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation [ J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1996,154:407- 412.
4Maltais F, Ostinelli J, Bourbeau J, et al. Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednlsolone with placebo in the treatment of a- cute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a ran- domized controlled trial[ J ]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2002,165 : 698- 703.
5Stallberg B, Selroos O, Vogelmeier C, et al. Budesonide/formoterol as effective as prednisolone plus formoterol in acute exacerbations of COPD. A double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority, parallel-group multicentre study [ J ]. Respir Res,2009,10 : 11.
7Siafakas NM,Vermeire P, Pride NB, et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The European Respiratory Society Task Force [ J]. Eur Respir J, 1995, 8 : 1398- 1420.
8Mahon JL, Laupacis A, Hodder RV, et al. Theophylline for irreversi- ble chronic airflow limitation : a randomized study comparing n of 1 trials to standard practice[ J]. Chest, 1999,115:38- 48.
2GOLD Executive Committee[DB/OL].Guidelines:Global Strategy for Diagnosis,Management,and Prevention of COPD,November 2006[2006-11-18].http://www.goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp? l1 =2-12 = 1&intId =989.
3Celli BR,MacNee W,Committee members.Standard for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD:a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper.Eur Respir J,2004,23:932-946.
4Celli BR,Cote CG,Marin JM,ct al.The body mass index,airflow obstruction,dyspnea and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.N Engl J Med,2004,350:1005-1012.
8Lundback B, Lindberg A, Lindstrom M, et al. Not 15 but 50%of smokers develop COPD?Report from the Obstructive lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies[J]. Respir Med, 2003, 97(2): 115-122.
9Kotz D, Huibe M J, West R J, et al. what mediates the effect of confrontational counseling on smoking cessation in smokers with COPD?[J]. Patient Educ Couns, 2009, 76(1): 16-24.
10Decramer M, Celli B, Kesten S, et al. Effect of tiotropium on outcomes in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(UPLIFT): a prespecified subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2009, 374(9696): 1171-1178.